{"version":"4.3","axes":[{"k":0,"tag":"EC","name":"Economic organisation","L":"common ownership, allocation by plan","R":"private property, allocation by market","Ls":"Collective","Rs":"Market","d":"Who owns productive assets and what decides their use. The negative pole abolishes private ownership of the means of production and allocates by plan or by need; the positive pole leaves ownership private and lets prices allocate. The midpoint is a genuine mixed economy, not an absence of opinion.","note":"This is the axis almost every media use of \"left\" and \"right\" claims to be measuring, and the one it least often actually measures."},{"k":1,"tag":"CU","name":"Social and cultural order","L":"pluralist, egalitarian, open to revision","R":"traditional, hierarchical, inherited","Ls":"Pluralist","Rs":"Traditional","d":"How society should be ordered below the level of the state: family, religion, gender, sexuality, national culture, and whether inherited norms carry authority. Political science measures a version of this as the GAL–TAN dimension, and since roughly 2010 it has been the stronger predictor of party competition in Europe than economics.","note":"A party can be far left here and far right on economics. Several of the fastest-growing parties in Europe are exactly that."},{"k":2,"tag":"AU","name":"Organisation of power","L":"dispersed, checked, contestable","R":"concentrated, unchecked, monist","Ls":"Pluralist","Rs":"Monist","d":"Whether authority is divided among institutions that can genuinely stop each other — courts, legislatures, press, opposition parties, federal units — or gathered into a single centre that claims to embody the whole. This is a question about method of rule, and it is logically independent of every policy question.","note":"This is the axis that collapses first in ordinary argument, and the one that carries almost all of the information people think they are conveying when they say \"extreme\"."},{"k":3,"tag":"SC","name":"Scale of decision","L":"local, federal, subsidiary","R":"central, unitary, supranational","Ls":"Local","Rs":"Central","d":"At what level binding decisions are taken: the commune, the province, the nation, or a body above the nation. Distinct from concentration, because a decision can be taken centrally by an accountable parliament or locally by an unaccountable strongman.","note":"Movements regularly swap ends of this axis without changing any other position. The Lega moved from secessionism to nationalism in a decade."},{"k":4,"tag":"ID","name":"Rule of membership","L":"universal and civic","R":"ascriptive and closed","Ls":"Universal","Rs":"Ascriptive","d":"Who counts as a full member of the political community, and on what grounds. The negative pole admits on residence, consent or common humanity; the positive pole admits on birth, blood, faith, language or lineage.","note":"Historically this axis moves independently of economics. The most collectivist economies of the twentieth century include both the most universalist and the most exclusionary regimes on record."},{"k":5,"tag":"CH","name":"Method and tempo","L":"incremental, lawful, persuasive","R":"rupture, coercive, imposed","Ls":"Lawful","Rs":"Coercive","d":"How the programme is to be achieved and how fast: by election, argument and amendment, or by rupture, decree and force. It combines the classic reform-versus-revolution question with the question of whether political violence is legitimate.","note":"Two organisations with nearly identical programmes can sit at opposite ends here. Mensheviks and Bolsheviks differed by roughly eight points on this axis and by one point on economics."}],"anchors":[[[-10,"All productive assets held in common or by the state; money and market allocation abolished or vestigial.","Khmer Rouge, anarcho-communism"],[-5,"Large-scale redistribution and universal public services inside a mostly private, price-allocated economy.","Nordic social democracy, Die Linke"],[0,"Genuine mixed economy, or a programme that subordinates ownership questions to something else entirely.","Italian Fascism, Deng-era China"],[5,"Market allocation is the default; the state corrects failures and funds a safety net but does not direct investment.","Christian democracy, Kuomintang"],[10,"Private property is near-absolute; taxation, regulation and public provision are treated as illegitimate in principle.","Anarcho-capitalism, La Libertad Avanza"]],[[-10,"Inherited norms carry no authority; equality across gender, sexuality, ethnicity and belief is the organising commitment.","Second-wave feminism, Green politics"],[-5,"Broadly liberal on social questions with some deference to established institutions and gradual reform.","Social liberalism, PSOE"],[0,"No settled cultural position, or a deliberate refusal to take one.","Five Star Movement, mutualism"],[5,"Tradition, family and national culture treated as goods worth defending in law, without excluding dissent.","Christian democracy, Social Catholicism"],[10,"Social order is fixed by religion, blood or inherited hierarchy and is not open to revision by majorities.","Saudi religious monarchy, Taliban"]],[[-10,"No coercive central authority at all; coordination by voluntary federation or contract.","Anarcho-communism, anarcho-capitalism"],[-5,"Strong, genuinely independent checks: courts, opposition, press, federal units, proportional representation.","Frente Amplio, SPD"],[0,"Ordinary constitutional government with a strong executive, or a movement with no settled institutional doctrine.","US New Deal, Sinn Féin"],[5,"Elections continue and the institutions that could reverse their outcome are being restructured by the incumbent.","Fidesz, Law and Justice"],[10,"No lawful opposition, no independent judiciary or press, and no mechanism by which the government can lose.","Stalinism, Taliban, Pinochet regime"]],[[-10,"Binding decisions taken at commune or village level; higher bodies are delegated and recallable.","Zapatistas, Diggers"],[-5,"Strong federalism or devolution; the centre holds defined and limited competences.","US Jeffersonians, Swiss People’s Party"],[0,"Balanced: significant authority at both national and sub-national level.","Chartism, Free Democratic Party"],[5,"Unitary national government as the normal locus of decision.","Most European parties"],[10,"Centralised imperial or supranational authority overriding all subordinate units.","New Imperialism, Stalinism"]],[[-10,"Membership on residence, consent or common humanity; ancestry is politically irrelevant by principle.","Classical Marxism, Ambedkarism, US civil rights movement"],[-5,"Civic and open, with normal border administration and no ancestral criterion.","UK Labour Party, Liberal Democrats"],[0,"No distinctive position, or a national community defined by participation rather than descent.","Titoism, Taiwanese DPP, Five Star Movement"],[5,"Confessional or cultural criterion treated as constitutive but acquirable in principle. Restrictive on admission and civic on belonging sits at the low end of this band.","Muslim Brotherhood, Vox, Reform UK, Chega"],[10,"Closure by descent, race or lineage. Membership cannot be acquired at all.","Nuremberg Laws, apartheid, Juche, Meiji imperial subjecthood"]],[[-10,"Change only through existing law and persuasion; the existing order is treated as a good in itself.","Burkean conservatism, Metternichian reaction"],[-5,"Programmatic reform pursued entirely through elections, legislation and negotiation.","Les Républicains, US Democratic Party"],[0,"Willing to use exceptional or extra-parliamentary means while stopping short of force.","Suffragism, Five Star Movement"],[5,"Rupture with the existing order, accepting coercion or emergency rule as necessary.","Sun Yat-sen, Sankarism"],[10,"Total transformation imposed by force, with political violence treated as legitimate and generative.","Jacobins, Bolsheviks, Khmer Rouge, ISIS"]]],"eras":[{"n":"Before 1789","s":-3000,"e":1788},{"n":"1789–1847","s":1789,"e":1847},{"n":"1848–1916","s":1848,"e":1916},{"n":"1917–1944","s":1917,"e":1944},{"n":"1945–1988","s":1945,"e":1988},{"n":"1989–now","s":1989,"e":2100}],"types":{"regime":"Held state power","party":"Electoral party","movement":"Movement","school":"Doctrine / school","faction":"Faction","coalition":"Coalition"},"evkind":{"prog":"Programme text","rec":"Documented act or statute","data":"Comparative dataset","schol":"Scholarship"},"records":[{"id":"athdem","n":"Athenian Democracy","aka":"Demokratia","yr":"c.508–322 BCE","pl":"Athens","region":"Europe","countries":[],"fam":"Republican / Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[4,3,-7,-4,8,-2],"core":"Direct rule by the assembly of citizens, offices filled by lot, no professional political class.","econ":"Agrarian and mercantile private property, slave labour, liturgies obliging the rich to fund public works.","org":"Sovereign assembly, randomly selected council and juries, magistrates subject to audit and ostracism.","note":"Radically dispersed authority combined with a violently narrow membership rule: women, resident foreigners and the enslaved were excluded. A reminder that 'democratic' and 'inclusive' are separate measurements.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: private property and slave labour, with liturgies obliging the rich to fund public works.","items":[{"t":"Wealthy citizens were assigned trierarchies and choral funding as compulsory personal expenditure.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: civic egalitarianism among citizens inside a rigidly restricted household order.","items":[{"t":"Citizen women had no political rights and limited legal capacity throughout.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: offices filled by lot, magistrates audited, leaders removable by ostracism.","items":[{"t":"Most offices were allocated by sortition; every official faced a mandatory audit on leaving.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −4: the assembly of citizens as the sovereign body.","items":[{"t":"The ekklesia met around forty times a year and decided policy directly.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: citizenship restricted by descent from 451 BCE.","items":[{"t":"Pericles' citizenship law required both parents to be Athenian.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: change by decree of the assembly, with two oligarchic coups.","items":[{"t":"Oligarchic seizures occurred in 411 and 404 BCE and were both reversed.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"romrep","n":"Roman Republican Constitutionalism","aka":"Res publica","yr":"509–27 BCE","pl":"Rome","region":"Europe","countries":[],"fam":"Republican / Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[6,6,-3,3,5,-3],"core":"Mixed constitution balancing consuls, senate and popular assemblies; liberty defined as non-domination under law.","econ":"Patrician landholding, slave estates, publican tax-farming, grain distributions to the urban poor.","org":"Annual collegiate magistracies, senatorial deliberation, tribunician veto, emergency dictatorship.","note":"The direct ancestor of every later 'separation of powers' argument, and of the modern word 'republic'.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: patrician landholding, slave estates and tax-farming.","items":[{"t":"Publican companies bid for tax collection contracts across the provinces.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: a rigid order of estates with paternal authority in law.","items":[{"t":"Patria potestas gave the head of household legal power over adult children.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: annual collegiate magistracies with tribunician veto.","items":[{"t":"Every magistracy had at least two holders who could block each other, and tribunes could veto any act.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a city-state constitution administering an empire.","items":[{"t":"Provinces were governed by former magistrates with wide discretion.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5 after the v2.2 review: restrictive but extensible.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship was extended to the Italian allies after the Social War and to all free inhabitants in 212 CE.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: constitutional development by precedent, with emergency dictatorship.","items":[{"t":"The dictatorship was a constitutional office limited to six months.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"Roman citizenship proved extensible under pressure, to the Italian allies after the Social War and eventually to all free inhabitants. Restrictive in the Republic, not closed in principle."}]},{"id":"levellers","n":"The Levellers","aka":"","yr":"1645–1650","pl":"England","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain","England"],"fam":"Radical Democratic","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[4,-5,-8,-5,-5,3],"core":"Popular sovereignty, a written constitution, near-universal male suffrage, religious toleration, equality before law.","econ":"Small-property individualism: they defended private ownership and opposed common ownership schemes.","org":"Annual parliaments, a paramount written 'Agreement of the People' limiting what any parliament could do.","note":"Routinely confused with the Diggers. The Levellers were property-defending constitutional radicals, not communists.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: small-property individualism, explicitly against common ownership.","items":[{"t":"The Leveller leaders publicly repudiated the charge of levelling estates in the 1649 Agreement.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: religious toleration and equality before law.","items":[{"t":"The Agreement of the People bars parliament from compelling anyone in matters of religion.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −8: a written constitution binding on any future parliament.","items":[{"t":"The Agreement places named powers beyond parliament's reach, the first such proposal in English.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −5: annual parliaments and equal constituencies against a centralised court.","items":[{"t":"The Agreement requires biennial elections and redistribution of seats by population.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: near-universal male suffrage debated at Putney.","items":[{"t":"Rainsborough: 'the poorest he that is in England hath a life to live as the greatest he.'","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: agitation within the army, with mutinies suppressed at Burford in 1649.","items":[{"t":"Three Leveller soldiers were shot at Burford church after the mutiny collapsed.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"diggers","n":"The Diggers","aka":"True Levellers","yr":"1649–1650","pl":"England","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain","England"],"fam":"Communal / Utopian","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[-9,-6,-8,-9,-5,4],"core":"The earth as a common treasury; abolition of private landholding through peaceful occupation and cultivation.","econ":"Common ownership of land, no wage labour, no buying and selling of the soil.","org":"Self-governing agrarian communes with no coercive state above them.","note":"An early instance of the pattern where the economic and the authority axes point in opposite directions: maximally collectivist, maximally anti-state.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor: the earth as a common treasury.","items":[{"t":"Winstanley's The Law of Freedom (1652) abolishes buying and selling of land and of labour.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: hierarchy of clergy, lawyers and lords rejected together.","items":[{"t":"Winstanley attacked tithes, church courts and the professions as instruments of the same enclosure.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −8: no coercive state above the self-governing commune.","items":[{"t":"Officers are annually elected and removable in Winstanley's constitution.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −9: the parish community as the unit.","items":[{"t":"Cultivation of the commons at St George's Hill in 1649 was the method as well as the demand.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: open to all who would dig.","items":[{"t":"The colonies invited participation without qualification of birth or property.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: occupation and cultivation rather than arms.","items":[{"t":"The colonies were dispersed by hired men and legal action rather than by resisting force.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"absmon","n":"Absolute Monarchy","aka":"Bourbon absolutism","yr":"c.1600–1789","pl":"France, Spain, Russia","region":"Europe","countries":["France","Russia","Spain"],"fam":"Monarchist / Traditionalist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[4,9,9,8,7,-8],"core":"Sovereignty vested wholly in a divinely sanctioned monarch; society ordered as fixed estates.","econ":"Mercantilism, royal monopolies, venal offices, tax exemptions for nobility and clergy.","org":"No separation of powers; representative estates suspended or ignored; law as the king's will.","note":"The reference point the entire left–right vocabulary was invented to describe the opposition to.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: mercantilism, royal monopolies and venal offices.","items":[{"t":"Colbert's system licensed manufactures and sold offices as a revenue instrument.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: society ordered as fixed estates under divine sanction.","items":[{"t":"Bossuet's Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture set out the divine right doctrine for Louis XIV.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: no separation of powers and no representative body.","items":[{"t":"The Estates-General did not meet between 1614 and 1789.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: intendants appointed from the centre over the provinces.","items":[{"t":"Provincial estates and parlements were overridden by royal intendants.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: subjecthood by birth into an estate, with confessional exclusion.","items":[{"t":"The Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685 revoked toleration and drove out the Huguenots.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the floor: the order to be preserved was the point.","items":[{"t":"The regime's self-description was the maintenance of a divinely ordained order.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"whig","n":"Whig Constitutionalism","aka":"1688 settlement","yr":"1688–1832","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[7,4,-5,0,4,-6],"core":"Parliamentary supremacy over the crown, rule of law, property rights, limited religious toleration.","econ":"Commercial agriculture, chartered trading companies, early industrial capitalism, enclosure.","org":"King-in-Parliament, independent judiciary, no standing army without consent — but a franchise of a few percent.","note":"Shows why 'constitutional' does not mean 'democratic'. Dispersed authority coexisted with an extremely narrow franchise.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +7: commercial agriculture, chartered companies and enclosure.","items":[{"t":"Over 5,000 enclosure acts were passed between 1750 and 1830.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: an established church with limited toleration for dissenters.","items":[{"t":"The Toleration Act 1689 permitted dissenting worship while excluding dissenters from office.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: parliamentary supremacy, independent judiciary, no standing army without consent.","items":[{"t":"The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 established both.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: King-in-Parliament with strong local gentry administration.","items":[{"t":"Counties were administered by unpaid justices of the peace drawn from local landowners.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a Protestant constitutional order excluding Catholics from office.","items":[{"t":"The Test Acts barred Catholics and dissenters from public office until 1828–29.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: settlement by statute after a bloodless change of monarch.","items":[{"t":"The 1688 revolution was framed as restoration of ancient liberties rather than as innovation.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"usfed","n":"American Federalists","aka":"","yr":"1787–1816","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[7,4,-6,4,4,-5],"core":"A strong national union under a written constitution, judicial review, commercial development, elite stewardship.","econ":"Banking, tariffs, public credit, manufactures; Hamilton's national bank.","org":"Enumerated federal powers, bicameralism, separated branches, an independent judiciary.","note":"Federalists wanted more centralisation than their opponents but far less concentrated authority than any European state of the day.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +7: banking, tariffs, public credit and manufactures.","items":[{"t":"Hamilton's Report on Manufactures and the First Bank of the United States were the programme.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: elite stewardship and social order.","items":[{"t":"Federalist 10 treats popular passion as the danger a constitution must contain.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: enumerated powers, bicameralism, separated branches, judicial review.","items":[{"t":"Marbury v Madison in 1803 established judicial review under a Federalist chief justice.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a strong national union against state particularism.","items":[{"t":"The Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation precisely to strengthen the centre.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a naturalisation regime restricted to free white persons.","items":[{"t":"The Naturalization Act 1790 limited citizenship to free white persons of good character.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: constitutional convention and ratification.","items":[{"t":"The Constitution was drafted and ratified through conventions rather than imposed.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"usdr","n":"Jeffersonian Republicans","aka":"Democratic-Republicans","yr":"1792–1825","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[7,3,-7,-7,5,-4],"core":"Agrarian republic, states' rights, suspicion of banks, standing armies and concentrated wealth.","econ":"Independent yeoman farming, free trade, hostility to central banking — alongside plantation slavery.","org":"Strict construction of federal power, strong states, weak executive.","note":"An early demonstration that anti-centralism and egalitarian rhetoric can coexist with the most extreme exclusion rule of all.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +7: yeoman farming, free trade and hostility to central banking.","items":[{"t":"The First Bank's charter was allowed to lapse in 1811.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: religious freedom and anticlericalism within a slave society.","items":[{"t":"The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom of 1786 was Jefferson's own drafting.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: strict construction, strong states, weak executive.","items":[{"t":"The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 asserted state authority to judge federal acts.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the local end: states as the primary units.","items":[{"t":"Federal power was to be confined to enumerated purposes.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: the most extreme exclusion rule of all, coexisting with egalitarian rhetoric.","items":[{"t":"The party's electoral base was the slaveholding South and its leaders were slaveholders.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: electoral, with the 1800 transfer of power as the founding precedent.","items":[{"t":"The peaceful transfer after the 1800 election was the first between rival parties in a modern republic.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"girondins","n":"Girondins","aka":"Brissotins","yr":"1791–1793","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"faction","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[6,-4,-4,-5,-3,5],"core":"Constitutional republic, free commerce, provincial autonomy against Parisian street power.","econ":"Laissez-faire; opposed price controls on grain even during famine.","org":"Federalist-leaning republic, elected assemblies, rule of law during revolution.","note":"Destroyed by the Jacobins and executed. The revolution's own liberal wing.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: laissez-faire maintained during famine.","items":[{"t":"Opposed the maximum on grain prices demanded by Paris in 1793.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: republican and anticlerical without the dechristianising campaign.","items":[{"t":"Supported the civil constitution of the clergy while opposing the later dechristianisation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: constitutional republic and rule of law during revolution.","items":[{"t":"Opposed the September massacres of 1792 and demanded prosecution of those responsible.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −5: provincial authority against Parisian street power.","items":[{"t":"Accused of federalism, a capital charge under the Convention.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: civic republican membership.","items":[{"t":"Supported extending citizenship to foreign sympathisers of the revolution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +5: revolutionary, and destroyed by the faction that was more so.","items":[{"t":"Twenty-one Girondin deputies were guillotined in October 1793.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"jacobins","n":"Jacobins","aka":"The Mountain","yr":"1792–1794","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Radical Democratic","t":"faction","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[1,-6,8,9,-6,9],"core":"Republic of virtue, popular sovereignty, universal male suffrage, secularisation, revolutionary emergency government.","econ":"Maximum price controls, requisitioning, war economy — but private property never abolished.","org":"Committee of Public Safety concentrating executive, legislative and judicial power; the constitution suspended.","note":"The origin case for the modern distinction between a movement's radical goals and its concentrated means. Egalitarian aims, near-absolute authority.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded near the centre, which is the most counter-intuitive placement in the dataset and the most important.","items":[{"t":"The General Maximum of 1793 fixed prices and wages but did not abolish private property.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Church and émigré lands were sold to private buyers rather than held in common.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: dechristianisation, a new calendar, and the abolition of hereditary status.","items":[{"t":"Nobility and hereditary titles were abolished; a republican calendar replaced the Christian one in 1793.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Slavery was abolished in the colonies by the Convention in February 1794.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Near the ceiling: the constitution was ratified and then suspended, with all powers vested in a committee.","items":[{"t":"The 1793 constitution was ratified by referendum and immediately suspended for the duration of the emergency.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Law of 22 Prairial removed defence counsel and limited verdicts to acquittal or death.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: the departments subordinated to Paris through appointed representatives on mission.","items":[{"t":"Representatives on mission were sent from the Convention with plenary powers over departments and armies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: citizenship defined by adherence to the republic rather than by birth.","items":[{"t":"Foreigners including Paine and Cloots were elected to the Convention.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the ceiling: the Terror was an explicit doctrine of government, not an excess.","items":[{"t":"Robespierre defended terror as an emanation of virtue in his report of February 1794.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sansculottes","n":"Sans-culottes","aka":"","yr":"1792–1795","pl":"Paris","region":"Europe","countries":[],"fam":"Radical Democratic","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[-4,-5,-2,-6,-2,8],"core":"Direct democracy in the sections, recall of deputies, cheap bread, hostility to speculators.","econ":"Price ceilings, small-workshop production, redistribution of large estates — not common ownership.","org":"Neighbourhood assemblies with permanent session and imperative mandates.","note":"Often labelled proto-communist. Their economics were petty-proprietor, not collectivist.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: price ceilings and small-workshop production, not common ownership.","items":[{"t":"Section petitions demanded the maximum and the requisition of hoarded grain, not the abolition of property.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: dechristianising, egalitarian in address and dress.","items":[{"t":"The sections drove the dechristianisation campaign of late 1793.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: direct democracy in permanent session, subordinated to the Committee by 1794.","items":[{"t":"Sections met in permanent session until the Convention restricted them to twice weekly in September 1793.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: the neighbourhood section as the unit of sovereignty.","items":[{"t":"Imperative mandates and recall of deputies were standing demands.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −2: patriot status defined by conduct rather than birth.","items":[{"t":"Certificates of civism were issued by the sections on the basis of revolutionary activity.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: journées as the instrument.","items":[{"t":"The armed risings of August 1792, May–June 1793 and Prairial 1795 were the movement's method.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"babeuf","n":"Conspiracy of Equals","aka":"Babouvism","yr":"1795–1797","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Communist","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[-10,-5,7,6,-6,10],"core":"Real equality requires abolishing private property; a temporary revolutionary dictatorship will impose it.","econ":"National community of goods, common storehouses, obligatory labour, abolition of inheritance.","org":"Insurrectionary seizure of power by a secret directorate acting for the people.","note":"The first fully modern communist programme, and the template for the vanguard idea a century before Lenin.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor: national community of goods.","items":[{"t":"The Manifesto of the Equals (1796) demands the disappearance of the distinction between rich and poor.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: absolute levelling including of education and inheritance.","items":[{"t":"The programme abolishes inheritance and assigns children to common education.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: a secret directorate acting for the people until equality is imposed.","items":[{"t":"The insurrectionary committee planned to rule by decree after seizing power.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: national storehouses and centrally directed labour.","items":[{"t":"Production and distribution are administered nationally in the plan.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: universal in address.","items":[{"t":"The appeal is to the human race rather than to the French nation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the ceiling: insurrection as the sole method.","items":[{"t":"Babeuf and Darthé were guillotined in 1797 after the conspiracy was betrayed.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bonapartism","n":"Bonapartism","aka":"Caesarism","yr":"1799–1815, 1852–1870","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Authoritarian Modernising","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[5,4,9,9,2,2],"core":"A strongman above parties, legitimated by plebiscite, delivering order, glory and administrative modernity.","econ":"State-directed capitalism, civil code protecting property, public works, national bank.","org":"Plebiscitary executive, rubber-stamp legislature, censored press, prefectural centralisation.","note":"The archetype of a regime that is populist in legitimation, modernising in policy and monist in authority — a combination that keeps recurring.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: state-directed capitalism with a civil code protecting property.","items":[{"t":"The Napoleonic Code of 1804 codified property and contract across the empire.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: order and the family restored after revolutionary upheaval.","items":[{"t":"The Code restored paternal authority and restricted divorce; the 1801 Concordat re-established the church.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: plebiscitary executive with a rubber-stamp legislature and censored press.","items":[{"t":"The 1802 and 1804 plebiscites returned over 99% approval; newspapers were reduced to four in Paris.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: prefectural administration directed from the centre.","items":[{"t":"The prefect system created in 1800 is still the basis of French territorial administration.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: careers open to talent, within an imperial hierarchy.","items":[{"t":"Jewish emancipation was extended across conquered territories while the Legion of Honour created a new elite.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: power taken by coup and then legalised by plebiscite.","items":[{"t":"The coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 was followed by a constitution ratified by plebiscite.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"burke","n":"Burkean Conservatism","aka":"","yr":"1790–","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"school","pw":2,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[6,6,-3,1,2,-9],"core":"Society as an inherited partnership across generations; prescription and prejudice as accumulated wisdom; reform to conserve.","econ":"Commercial property, opposition to abstract redistribution schemes.","org":"Mixed constitution, established church, natural aristocracy, gradual amendment.","note":"Defines the modern conservative pole of the change axis, not of the authority axis. Burke attacked concentrated power at both ends.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: commercial property defended against abstract redistributive schemes.","items":[{"t":"Reflections attacks the assignat land confiscations as the destruction of property itself.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: society as an inherited partnership, with prejudice treated as accumulated wisdom.","items":[{"t":"Reflections defends prescription and 'the wisdom of unlettered men' against abstract rational reform.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: an attack on concentrated power at both ends, royal and revolutionary.","items":[{"t":"Thoughts on the Present Discontents (1770) attacked court influence over parliament; Reflections attacked the Assembly's unchecked authority.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: the mixed constitution with strong intermediate bodies.","items":[{"t":"Reflections defends the 'little platoons' of subordinate association as the origin of public affection.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2 after the v2.2 review: prescriptive national attachment without ascriptive closure.","items":[{"t":"Supported Irish Catholic relief, prosecuted Hastings over the government of Bengal, and argued for conciliation with America.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the floor: reform in order to conserve, and nothing faster.","items":[{"t":"'A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.'","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":4,"to":2,"why":"Burke defended Irish Catholic relief, prosecuted Hastings over the government of India, and argued for conciliation with the American colonists. Prescriptive attachment to an inherited constitution is not an ascriptive rule of membership."}]},{"id":"metternich","n":"Metternichian Reaction","aka":"Congress System","yr":"1815–1848","pl":"Central Europe","region":"Europe","countries":[],"fam":"Monarchist / Traditionalist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[5,9,8,7,6,-10],"core":"Restoration of dynastic legitimacy, suppression of nationalism and liberalism, an international order policing revolution.","econ":"Landed aristocratic privilege, guild restrictions, slow industrialisation.","org":"Absolutist courts, secret police, censorship, coordinated intervention against uprisings.","note":"The purest 'reactionary' coordinate in the dataset: restore the past, by state force, across borders.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: landed aristocratic privilege and guild restriction.","items":[{"t":"Serfdom persisted in the Habsburg lands until 1848.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: restoration of dynastic and religious authority.","items":[{"t":"The Holy Alliance of 1815 bound its signatories to Christian monarchical principles.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: absolutist courts, secret police and censorship.","items":[{"t":"The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 imposed press censorship and university surveillance across the German states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a coordinated international order policing revolution.","items":[{"t":"The congress system authorised intervention in Naples, Piedmont and Spain between 1820 and 1823.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: dynastic legitimacy against national self-determination.","items":[{"t":"The system's organising purpose was to suppress nationalism as well as liberalism.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the floor: restoration of the pre-revolutionary order.","items":[{"t":"The Vienna settlement of 1815 explicitly aimed to undo the revolutionary period.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"classlib","n":"Classical Liberalism","aka":"Manchester School","yr":"1776–1900","pl":"Britain, Europe","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"school","pw":2,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[9,-2,-7,-3,-3,-4],"core":"Individual liberty, free trade, freedom of contract, religious toleration, constitutional and limited government.","econ":"Free markets, gold standard, minimal tariffs, poor-law reform, opposition to monopoly and guild privilege.","org":"Rule of law, separation of powers, extension of the franchise to property-holders, free press.","note":"In nineteenth-century Europe this was the party of the left. Nothing about the position moved; the reference frame did.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +9: free exchange as the organising principle of policy.","items":[{"t":"The Anti-Corn Law League secured repeal in 1846, the defining victory of the school.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: religious toleration and legal equality against inherited privilege.","items":[{"t":"Mill's On Liberty (1859) sets the harm principle against social as well as legal coercion.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: constitutional limitation as the school's founding commitment.","items":[{"t":"Wealth of Nations and On Liberty both treat concentrated authority as the standing danger.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −3: minimal central administration, free trade against imperial preference.","items":[{"t":"The school opposed colonial monopoly and chartered company privilege on economic grounds.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: legal equality for dissenters, Catholics and Jews.","items":[{"t":"Catholic emancipation in 1829 and Jewish parliamentary admission in 1858 were liberal causes.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: reform by legislation and franchise extension.","items":[{"t":"The 1832, 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts were pursued through parliament rather than around it.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"utopsoc","n":"Utopian Socialism","aka":"Owen, Fourier, Saint-Simon","yr":"1800–1848","pl":"Britain, France","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain","France"],"fam":"Socialist","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[-8,-6,-1,-6,-6,-3],"core":"Rational reorganisation of society into cooperative communities, achieved by demonstration and persuasion rather than conflict.","econ":"Producer and consumer cooperatives, planned model communities, abolition of wage competition.","org":"Voluntary association; Saint-Simonians favoured rule by industrial and scientific experts.","note":"Coded 'utopian' by Marx precisely because they rejected class war and force — visible here as a strongly negative method score.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: cooperative ownership replacing wage competition.","items":[{"t":"Owen's New Lanark and New Harmony were built as demonstrations of communal production.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: radical on marriage, religion and education for the period.","items":[{"t":"Owen attacked organised religion publicly in 1817 and Fourier coined the word féminisme in this tradition.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: voluntary association, though the Saint-Simonians favoured rule by industrial experts.","items":[{"t":"Saint-Simon's Du système industriel proposes government by scientists and industrialists rather than by politicians.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: the self-contained community as the unit.","items":[{"t":"Fourier's phalanstère was specified at around 1,600 residents.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: universalist and explicitly international in appeal.","items":[{"t":"Owenite and Fourierist communities were founded in Britain, France, the United States and Romania.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: change by demonstration and persuasion, which is why Marx called it utopian.","items":[{"t":"Owen petitioned parliaments and monarchs rather than organising class conflict.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"chartism","n":"Chartism","aka":"","yr":"1838–1857","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Radical Democratic","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[0,-5,-7,-2,-4,1],"core":"Six points: universal male suffrage, secret ballot, equal constituencies, paid MPs, no property qualification, annual parliaments.","econ":"Divided between free-traders and land-reform schemes; no single economic programme.","org":"Mass petition, national convention, and a contested question of whether to use 'physical force'.","note":"Five of the six points are now uncontroversial law almost everywhere. A useful calibration for how the frame moves.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at zero: no single economic programme.","items":[{"t":"The movement contained free-traders, land-plan subscribers and factory reformers simultaneously.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: democratic equality without a settled social programme.","items":[{"t":"Female Chartist associations organised widely though the six points asked only for male suffrage.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: the six points are all constraints on concentrated power.","items":[{"t":"Annual parliaments, secret ballot, equal constituencies, no property qualification, paid members, universal male suffrage.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: national petition with strong local associations.","items":[{"t":"The 1842 petition carried over three million signatures.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: universal male suffrage without property or ancestral qualification.","items":[{"t":"The demand was explicitly for every man of age, not for ratepayers.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: split between moral force and physical force.","items":[{"t":"The Newport rising of 1839 ended with over twenty dead and transportation for its leaders.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"mazzini","n":"Romantic Nationalism","aka":"Mazzini, Young Europe","yr":"1831–1872","pl":"Italy, Europe","region":"Europe","countries":["Italy"],"fam":"Nationalist","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[3,-3,-3,2,3,6],"core":"Each nation has a duty to constitute itself as a free republic, and free nations will federate in brotherhood.","econ":"Association of labour and capital; hostility to both aristocratic privilege and class war.","org":"Democratic republic with a unitary national state; insurrection against foreign empires.","note":"Nationalism began on the left, as the enemy of dynastic empire. Its migration rightwards is one of the largest movements in this atlas.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: association of labour and capital against both privilege and class war.","items":[{"t":"The Duties of Man rejects the socialist doctrine of rights in favour of duties and association.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: republican, anticlerical and committed to education.","items":[{"t":"Young Italy's programme required national education alongside political independence.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: a democratic republic with universal suffrage.","items":[{"t":"The Roman Republic of 1849 abolished the death penalty and granted universal male suffrage.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary national state, federated internationally.","items":[{"t":"Young Europe (1834) proposed a federation of free nations after each achieved independence.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: nationality as a duty owed within humanity.","items":[{"t":"The Duties of Man places duties to country between duties to humanity and to family.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: insurrection against foreign empire.","items":[{"t":"Organised repeated failed risings from 1834 and was sentenced to death in absentia.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"marxism","n":"Classical Marxism","aka":"Scientific socialism","yr":"1848–1914","pl":"Germany, Europe","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Socialist","t":"school","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-10,-6,2,4,-9,8],"core":"History driven by class struggle; capitalism generates its own gravediggers; proletarian revolution abolishes classes and eventually the state.","econ":"Social ownership of the means of production, planned allocation, abolition of wage labour and commodity production.","org":"A transitional 'dictatorship of the proletariat', theorised as majority rule, followed by the withering away of the state.","note":"The gap between the theory's stateless endpoint and every regime built in its name is one of the most important discontinuities in this dataset.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor: abolition of private property in the means of production.","items":[{"t":"The Manifesto states the theory of the communists in a single sentence: abolition of private property.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: the bourgeois family, religion and nationality all treated as historically transient.","items":[{"t":"The Manifesto answers the charge of abolishing the family and of abolishing countries by accepting both.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: a transitional dictatorship of the proletariat theorised as majority rule, followed by the withering away of the state.","items":[{"t":"The Critique of the Gotha Programme names a transitional period; Engels' Anti-Dühring describes the state dying out.","k":"prog"},{"t":"The gap between that endpoint and every regime built in its name is the most important discontinuity in this dataset.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: centralisation of credit, transport and production named explicitly.","items":[{"t":"The Manifesto's ten measures include centralisation of credit and of transport in the hands of the state.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −9: class rather than nation as the unit of solidarity.","items":[{"t":"'The working men have no country.' The First International organised across borders from 1864.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: forcible overthrow named as the method.","items":[{"t":"The Manifesto closes by declaring that the aims can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"spd1891","n":"German Social Democracy (Erfurt)","aka":"SPD","yr":"1891–1914","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Socialist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-8,-6,-4,3,-8,3],"core":"Marxist analysis with a parliamentary practice: build the largest workers' party in the world and win by growth.","econ":"Socialisation of large industry, progressive taxation, eight-hour day, welfare provision.","org":"Universal suffrage, republic, militia instead of standing army, mass party democracy.","note":"The original 'revolutionary in theory, reformist in practice' organisation, and the parent of both later social democracy and Leninism.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: socialisation of large industry in the programme.","items":[{"t":"The Erfurt Programme of 1891 demands transformation of capitalist private property into social property.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: secular schooling, women's suffrage and legal equality.","items":[{"t":"Erfurt demands universal suffrage for all over twenty regardless of sex.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: a republic, a militia instead of a standing army, and mass party democracy.","items":[{"t":"Erfurt's political demands are entirely constitutional and democratic.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national legislation with strong local organisation.","items":[{"t":"The party ran a vast network of clubs, papers and unions alongside its parliamentary work.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −8: internationalist by construction.","items":[{"t":"The Second International was founded in 1889 with the party at its centre.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: revolutionary in theory and reformist in practice.","items":[{"t":"The programme's Marxist analysis sat alongside a purely electoral strategy, which is the tension Bernstein named.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bernstein","n":"Revisionism","aka":"Bernstein","yr":"1899–","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"school","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-6,-6,-6,2,-7,-7],"core":"Capitalism is not collapsing; socialism must be won by democratic reform, and the movement matters more than the final goal.","econ":"Cooperatives, trade unions, regulation and taxation rather than expropriation.","org":"Parliamentary democracy as both means and end.","note":"The decisive fork. Everything to the left of it on the method axis becomes Leninism; everything to the right becomes social democracy.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: cooperatives, unions and regulation rather than expropriation.","items":[{"t":"Evolutionary Socialism argues that ownership is diffusing through joint-stock companies rather than concentrating.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: the same social programme as the parent party.","items":[{"t":"Supported universal suffrage including for women and secular schooling.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: parliamentary democracy as both means and end.","items":[{"t":"'The movement is everything, the final goal nothing' — the formulation that named the controversy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: municipal and national provision within an existing state.","items":[{"t":"Advocated municipal socialism in utilities and services before national expropriation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: internationalist, with a break over war credits in 1915.","items":[{"t":"Signed the anti-war declaration of June 1915 against the party leadership.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the incremental end: the decisive fork in the socialist tradition.","items":[{"t":"Everything to the coercive side of this position becomes Leninism; everything to the lawful side becomes social democracy.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"anarchocom","n":"Anarcho-Communism","aka":"Kropotkin","yr":"1872–","pl":"Russia, Europe","region":"Europe","countries":["Russia"],"fam":"Anarchist","t":"school","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-9,-7,-10,-10,-8,6],"core":"Abolish the state and private property simultaneously; distribution according to need through voluntary federation.","econ":"Common ownership, no money or wages, free distribution, mutual aid as an evolutionary fact.","org":"Federated communes and workplace assemblies with recallable delegates; no standing coercive apparatus.","note":"Occupies the extreme collectivist corner on economics and the extreme anti-authority corner simultaneously — impossible to represent on a single line.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Abolition of private property in the means of production and of money and wages together.","items":[{"t":"Kropotkin's Conquest of Bread argues for distribution according to need with no wage system at all.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Strongly egalitarian on every inherited hierarchy, including within the family and the workplace.","items":[{"t":"Nineteenth-century anarchist movements campaigned for free union, secular education and women's autonomy well ahead of socialist parties.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the floor. The state is not to be captured, reformed or used, but abolished.","items":[{"t":"The 1872 Hague split of the First International turned on precisely this question.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the floor: the commune is the unit and federation is voluntary and revocable.","items":[{"t":"Kropotkin's model is a federation of communes with no superior body possessing coercive authority.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Universalist by construction: the tradition is explicitly internationalist and anti-national.","items":[{"t":"Anarchist federations organised across borders from the First International onward.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded positive: the tradition accepted insurrection while dividing sharply on individual violence.","items":[{"t":"The propaganda-of-the-deed period of the 1890s was repudiated by Kropotkin and by the syndicalist current.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"anarchosynd","n":"Anarcho-Syndicalism","aka":"Revolutionary syndicalism","yr":"1895–","pl":"France, Spain, Latin America","region":"Transnational","countries":["France","Spain"],"fam":"Anarchist","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-9,-6,-9,-8,-8,7],"core":"The union is both the weapon of struggle and the skeleton of the future society; the general strike replaces the state.","econ":"Worker ownership and management of industry through industrial unions.","org":"Direct democracy in the workplace, federated by industry and region; refusal of parliamentary politics.","note":"Distinguished from communism chiefly by the authority axis, not the economic one.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −9: worker ownership through industrial unions.","items":[{"t":"The 1906 Charter of Amiens commits the CGT to the disappearance of wage labour and employers.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: anticlerical and egalitarian.","items":[{"t":"The tradition ran rationalist schools against church education across Spain and Latin America.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −9: refusal of parliamentary politics entirely.","items":[{"t":"The Charter of Amiens binds the union to independence from all parties.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −8: federation by industry and locality.","items":[{"t":"Structure runs from the workplace section upward through industrial and regional federations.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −8: internationalist by construction.","items":[{"t":"The IWA federated unions across Europe and the Americas from 1922.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +7: the general strike as the revolutionary act.","items":[{"t":"The Charter names the general strike as the means of emancipation.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"mutualism","n":"Mutualism","aka":"Proudhon","yr":"1840–","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Anarchist","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[-3,0,-9,-9,-4,0],"core":"Property as theft when it is rent-extracting, and property as liberty when it is possession by the user.","econ":"Worker cooperatives, free credit through a people's bank, market exchange without interest or rent.","org":"Contract and federation replacing government; a bottom-up federal order.","note":"Sits near the economic centre while sitting at the anti-authority extreme, which is why it fits no conventional spectrum.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: possession by the user defended, rent and interest attacked.","items":[{"t":"What is Property? answers 'property is theft' and 'property is liberty' of two different things.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded at zero: no distinctive social programme, and a record of reactionary views on the family.","items":[{"t":"Proudhon's writing on women is regressive even by the standards of his contemporaries and was attacked as such at the time.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −9: contract and federation replacing government entirely.","items":[{"t":"The Federative Principle (1863) sets out a bottom-up order with no sovereign centre.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −9: federation from the commune upward.","items":[{"t":"Federation is proposed as the constitutive method rather than as a concession.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: membership by contract rather than by birth.","items":[{"t":"Association is voluntary and revocable in the doctrine.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: reform through credit institutions rather than insurrection.","items":[{"t":"The People's Bank was founded in 1849 to supply free credit; it failed within months.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"indanarch","n":"Individualist Anarchism","aka":"Tucker, Stirner","yr":"1844–","pl":"US, Germany","region":"Transnational","countries":["Germany","United States"],"fam":"Anarchist","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[6,-3,-10,-10,-4,1],"core":"The sovereign individual; no obligation not voluntarily contracted; monopoly, not exchange, is the enemy.","econ":"Free-market exchange stripped of state-granted monopolies in land, money, tariffs and patents.","org":"No state at all; defence and adjudication supplied competitively.","note":"The direct ancestor of modern market libertarianism, and evidence that the anarchist tradition spans the entire economic axis.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: free exchange stripped of state-granted monopoly.","items":[{"t":"Tucker named four monopolies — land, money, tariff and patent — as the source of exploitation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: individual sovereignty over conduct.","items":[{"t":"Liberty magazine defended free love, atheism and free speech against Comstock-era prosecution.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the floor: no state at all, with defence supplied competitively.","items":[{"t":"Stirner's The Ego and Its Own rejects every claim of state, society and morality over the individual.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the floor: the individual as the only unit.","items":[{"t":"No collective body holds authority in the doctrine, including a commune.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: contractual membership.","items":[{"t":"Association is by agreement, with no ascriptive criterion.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: propaganda and resistance rather than organised insurrection.","items":[{"t":"Tucker opposed the bombings of the 1890s and argued for passive resistance and refusal to pay tax.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"fabian","n":"Fabian Socialism","aka":"","yr":"1884–","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-7,-4,-1,4,-6,-9],"core":"The inevitability of gradualness: socialism arrives through permeation of existing institutions by expert administration.","econ":"Municipal and national ownership of utilities and key industries, national minimum standards.","org":"Parliamentary democracy administered by a trained expert civil service.","note":"Extremely collectivist economics paired with the most incremental method in the socialist family.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: municipal and national ownership of utilities and key industry.","items":[{"t":"Fabian Essays (1889) set out gradual public acquisition of land and capital.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: rationalist and secular, with a documented eugenics strand.","items":[{"t":"Several leading Fabians supported eugenic policy, which the society has since repudiated.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: parliamentary democracy administered by expert civil service.","items":[{"t":"The Webbs' constitutional proposals separate a political and a social parliament.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: national minimum standards enforced from the centre.","items":[{"t":"The 1909 Minority Report proposed a national minimum below which no one could fall.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: universal provision as of right.","items":[{"t":"The national minimum is defined without qualification of origin.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the incremental end: the inevitability of gradualness.","items":[{"t":"The society's method was permeation of existing parties and institutions rather than founding a rival.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"george","n":"Georgism","aka":"Single Tax","yr":"1879–","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[4,-3,-4,-2,-5,-6],"core":"Land value is created by the community, so its rent belongs to the community; all other taxes should be abolished.","econ":"Free markets and free trade financed entirely by a tax on unimproved land value.","org":"Ordinary democratic government with a single revenue instrument.","note":"Systematically unplaceable on a one-dimensional scale, which is a substantial part of why it disappeared from the debate.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: free markets financed entirely by a tax on land value.","items":[{"t":"Progress and Poverty (1879) proposes abolishing all taxes except the one on unimproved land value.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: no distinctive cultural programme beyond anti-privilege.","items":[{"t":"The argument is framed as removing an unearned claim, not as reordering social life.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: ordinary democratic government with a single revenue instrument.","items":[{"t":"The proposal reduces the fiscal apparatus rather than expanding administrative power.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: collection at the level where land lies.","items":[{"t":"Land value assessment is inherently local while the principle is universal.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: free trade and free movement follow from the doctrine.","items":[{"t":"George campaigned for free trade and against exclusion acts.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: a single legislative change, pursued electorally.","items":[{"t":"George ran for mayor of New York in 1886 and came second, ahead of Theodore Roosevelt.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"socialcath","n":"Social Catholicism","aka":"Rerum Novarum","yr":"1891–","pl":"Europe","region":"Europe","countries":[],"fam":"Christian Democratic","t":"school","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[0,5,-3,-3,1,-7],"core":"Rejects both liberal individualism and socialist class war; defends private property, a living wage and the dignity of labour.","econ":"Property widely distributed, unions legitimate, subsidiarity, corporate bodies mediating capital and labour.","org":"Subsidiarity: decisions at the lowest competent level; family and church as prior to the state.","note":"The doctrinal source of Christian democracy, the most electorally successful ideology in postwar Europe.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at zero: private property defended and unrestrained capitalism condemned in the same document.","items":[{"t":"Rerum Novarum (1891) defends the right to private property and condemns the 'yoke little better than slavery' imposed on workers.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: a traditional moral and family order.","items":[{"t":"Casti Connubii (1930) and Rerum Novarum both treat the family as prior to the state.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: authority limited by subsidiarity.","items":[{"t":"Quadragesimo Anno (1931) names subsidiarity: no higher body should take what a lower one can do.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −3: decisions at the lowest competent level.","items":[{"t":"Subsidiarity is stated as a principle of social order, not a preference.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1 after the v2.2 review: a conversion-open universal church, not a rule of descent.","items":[{"t":"Rerum Novarum addresses workers as such, without national or ethnic qualification.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: reform through association, law and moral suasion, explicitly against class war.","items":[{"t":"The encyclical rejects the socialist remedy while demanding legal protection of labour.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":3,"to":1,"why":"The Catholic social tradition addresses labour and the family universally and the church it speaks for is a conversion-open, explicitly supranational body. Its cultural traditionalism was being read as a membership rule that its own doctrine denies."}]},{"id":"bismarck","n":"Bismarckian State Conservatism","aka":"","yr":"1871–1890","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[2,7,6,7,5,-6],"core":"Preserve monarchy and aristocratic order by pre-empting socialism with state welfare and national unity.","econ":"Protective tariffs, cartel-friendly industrial policy, the first national health, accident and pension insurance.","org":"Universal male suffrage for a weak Reichstag; the chancellor answerable to the emperor, not parliament.","note":"Built the welfare state to defeat the left. A permanent counter-example to the claim that social insurance is inherently left-wing.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: protective tariffs, cartels and the first national social insurance.","items":[{"t":"Health insurance 1883, accident insurance 1884, old age and disability 1889.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: monarchy, army and Protestant order defended against Catholic and socialist alternatives.","items":[{"t":"The Kulturkampf of the 1870s imprisoned or expelled bishops and closed religious orders.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: universal male suffrage for a Reichstag that could not remove the chancellor.","items":[{"t":"The chancellor was answerable to the emperor alone under the 1871 constitution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a federal empire dominated by Prussia.","items":[{"t":"Prussia held a blocking minority in the Bundesrat by construction.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: Germanisation policy in the Polish provinces.","items":[{"t":"The Settlement Commission of 1886 bought Polish land for German settlers.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: pre-emptive reform to preserve the existing order.","items":[{"t":"The Anti-Socialist Laws of 1878 and the insurance schemes were two halves of one strategy.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"usprog","n":"American Progressivism","aka":"","yr":"1890–1920","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[1,-1,1,4,3,-6],"core":"Scientific administration, trust-busting, direct democracy devices, and confidence that experts can correct market failure.","econ":"Antitrust enforcement, income tax, regulation of food, drugs, hours and child labour.","org":"Referendum, recall, direct primaries, independent regulatory commissions, civil service reform.","note":"Coding it demands honesty: the same movement produced consumer protection and eugenics statutes.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: trust-busting and regulation within a market economy.","items":[{"t":"The Sherman and Clayton Acts and the Federal Trade Commission were the movement's instruments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −1: consumer protection and eugenic statutes from the same movement.","items":[{"t":"Pure Food and Drug Act 1906; compulsory sterilisation laws in over thirty states, upheld in Buck v Bell 1927.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: independent regulatory commissions and direct democracy devices together.","items":[{"t":"Initiative, referendum, recall and direct election of senators were all progressive causes.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: federal regulatory authority expanded substantially.","items":[{"t":"The Sixteenth Amendment established the federal income tax in 1913.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: reform coexisting with immigration restriction and segregation.","items":[{"t":"The 1924 Immigration Act imposed national origin quotas; federal offices were resegregated after 1913.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: constitutional amendment and legislation.","items":[{"t":"Four constitutional amendments were ratified between 1913 and 1920.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"uspop","n":"US People's Party","aka":"Populists","yr":"1892–1908","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Agrarian Populist","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-3,1,-2,0,4,-3],"core":"Producers against financiers: farmers and workers against banks, railroads and monopolies.","econ":"Free silver, public ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a postal savings bank, graduated income tax.","org":"Direct election of senators, secret ballot, initiative and referendum.","note":"The origin of the word 'populist'. Its programme was economically radical and institutionally democratising — very unlike most movements now given the label.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: public ownership of railroads and telegraphs, free silver, graduated income tax.","items":[{"t":"The 1892 Omaha Platform demands government ownership of railroads and telegraph.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: producerist and evangelical, with a fusion record on race that varied by state.","items":[{"t":"North Carolina Populists fused with Black Republicans in 1894; Southern Populists elsewhere accepted disenfranchisement.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: direct election of senators, secret ballot, initiative and referendum.","items":[{"t":"The Omaha Platform demands all three as constraints on concentrated power.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: national ownership of infrastructure with local cooperative organisation.","items":[{"t":"The subtreasury plan proposed federal warehouses serving local farmers.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: producerist framing with immigration restriction in the platform.","items":[{"t":"The Omaha Platform opposes what it calls the importation of pauperised labour.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: a third party contesting elections and then fusing.","items":[{"t":"Fused with the Democrats behind Bryan in 1896 and was absorbed.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"labzion","n":"Labour Zionism","aka":"","yr":"1904–1977","pl":"Palestine / Israel","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Israel","Palestine"],"fam":"Nationalist / Socialist","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-7,-3,-1,2,6,2],"core":"Jewish national self-determination achieved through collective settlement and the labour of Jewish workers.","econ":"Kibbutz collectives, a national labour federation owning industry, banks and health care.","org":"Parliamentary democracy with a dominant party and a corporatist labour movement.","note":"Simultaneously among the most collectivist economies ever built voluntarily and a strongly ascriptive membership rule.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the collective end for a voluntary movement.","items":[{"t":"Kibbutzim held property in common; the Histadrut owned industry, banks, construction and health services.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: secular, socialist and gender-egalitarian in doctrine.","items":[{"t":"Women served in the Palmach and the movement's schools were secular.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: parliamentary democracy with a dominant party and corporatist labour federation.","items":[{"t":"Mapai led every government from 1948 to 1977 and lost power by election.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a centralised national institution structure.","items":[{"t":"The Jewish Agency and Histadrut concentrated authority before and after statehood.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: national membership defined by descent and religion.","items":[{"t":"The 1950 Law of Return grants automatic immigration rights on ancestral grounds.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: settlement and institution-building, with an armed wing.","items":[{"t":"The Haganah operated from 1920 and became the core of the national army in 1948.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"revzion","n":"Revisionist Zionism","aka":"Jabotinsky","yr":"1925–","pl":"Palestine / Israel","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Israel","Palestine"],"fam":"Nationalist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[6,4,3,3,7,4],"core":"An immediate Jewish state on both banks of the Jordan, secured by force and defended by an 'iron wall'.","econ":"Free enterprise, hostility to the labour federation's economic monopoly, compulsory arbitration of strikes.","org":"Parliamentary but militarised, with a strong national leadership and paramilitary youth organisation.","note":"The lineage of Herut and later Likud.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: free enterprise against the labour federation's economic monopoly.","items":[{"t":"Jabotinsky demanded compulsory arbitration of strikes in the national interest.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: national discipline with a secular founder and a religious base.","items":[{"t":"Betar's uniformed youth movement combined national ceremony with secular leadership.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: parliamentary and militarised, with a strong national leadership principle.","items":[{"t":"Betar's oath bound members to the movement's discipline.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state on both banks of the Jordan.","items":[{"t":"The 1925 programme claimed the whole Mandate territory.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: national membership by descent, with an iron wall doctrine toward the Arab population.","items":[{"t":"The Iron Wall (1923) argues no agreement is possible until Arab resistance is broken.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: force as an accepted instrument.","items":[{"t":"The Irgun split from the Haganah in 1931 over retaliation policy.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"suffrage","n":"Suffragism","aka":"","yr":"1866–1928","pl":"Britain, US, worldwide","region":"Transnational","countries":["Britain","United States"],"fam":"Emancipatory","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[0,-7,-5,0,-5,2],"core":"Extension of the franchise and legal personhood to women; a single-issue demand cutting across all other alignments.","econ":"No common economic programme; members ranged from Conservative to revolutionary socialist.","org":"Constitutional lobbying, and in the militant wing, arson and property destruction.","note":"A clean demonstration that a movement can be extreme on one axis and unclassifiable on the rest.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at zero: no common economic programme.","items":[{"t":"Members ranged from Conservative peers to revolutionary socialists.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: legal personhood and the franchise for women.","items":[{"t":"The demand extended to property, divorce and custody law as well as the vote.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: extension of the franchise as a constraint on existing power.","items":[{"t":"The Representation of the People Act 1918 enfranchised women over 30; 1928 equalised it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: a national legislative demand with international organisation.","items":[{"t":"The International Woman Suffrage Alliance was founded in 1904.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: a demand to remove a categorical exclusion.","items":[{"t":"The claim was that sex was an illegitimate criterion for political membership.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: constitutional lobbying alongside a militant wing.","items":[{"t":"The WSPU used arson and window-breaking from 1912; over a thousand members were imprisoned.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"newimp","n":"New Imperialism","aka":"","yr":"1870–1914","pl":"Europe, Japan, US","region":"Transnational","countries":["Japan","United States"],"fam":"Imperialist","t":"school","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[6,8,6,10,9,1],"core":"Civilisational hierarchy justifying territorial conquest, resource extraction and permanent rule over subject peoples.","econ":"Chartered companies, plantation and extraction economies, captive markets, forced labour.","org":"Metropolitan parliaments at home, unaccountable governors and military rule abroad.","note":"The clearest case in the dataset where the same regime is coded near opposite ends of the authority axis depending on who is being ruled.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: chartered companies and extraction economies.","items":[{"t":"The British South Africa Company and King Leopold's Congo Free State held sovereign powers by charter.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: civilisational hierarchy as explicit doctrine.","items":[{"t":"The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 partitioned Africa among European states without African participation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: parliamentary at home, unaccountable rule abroad.","items":[{"t":"Governors ruled by ordinance with no local franchise; the same states held competitive elections in the metropole.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the ceiling: territorial sovereignty exercised at maximum distance.","items":[{"t":"Administration was directed from London, Paris, Brussels and Lisbon over territories a continent away.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: subject status assigned by race in law.","items":[{"t":"The Congo Free State's forced rubber regime is estimated to have caused millions of deaths.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: conquest by force, then administration by statute.","items":[{"t":"The Maxim gun and the punitive expedition were standing instruments of the period.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"meiji","n":"Meiji State Modernism","aka":"","yr":"1868–1912","pl":"Japan","region":"Asia","countries":["Japan"],"fam":"Authoritarian Modernising","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[3,8,7,9,9,4],"core":"Defensive modernisation: import Western technology and institutions to preserve national independence and imperial sovereignty.","econ":"State-founded heavy industry sold to family conglomerates, land tax, forced-draft industrialisation.","org":"Constitution granting a limited diet under an emperor with sovereign prerogative; oligarchic rule.","note":"The template many later developmental authoritarian states explicitly copied.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: state-founded heavy industry sold to family conglomerates.","items":[{"t":"State model factories were sold to the Mitsui and Mitsubishi houses in the 1880s.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: imperial and Confucian order codified in education.","items":[{"t":"The 1890 Imperial Rescript on Education was recited daily in every school.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: a constitution granting a limited diet under a sovereign emperor.","items":[{"t":"The 1889 constitution vested sovereignty in the emperor and limited the diet's budget power.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: the domains abolished and replaced by centrally appointed prefectures.","items":[{"t":"The han were abolished in 1871 and replaced by prefectures within months.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9 after the v2.2 review: colonial subjects made imperial subjects without equal rights.","items":[{"t":"Koreans and Taiwanese held imperial subjecthood without the franchise; the koseki register fixed status by descent.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: revolution from above, executed by decree.","items":[{"t":"The samurai class was abolished by legislation between 1871 and 1876.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":8,"to":9,"why":"Raised. Colonial subjects in Korea and Taiwan were made imperial subjects without equal political rights, and the household register system fixed status by descent. The original score understated a genuinely ascriptive rule."}]},{"id":"bolsheviks","n":"Bolsheviks","aka":"RSDLP(b)","yr":"1903–1924","pl":"Russia","region":"Europe","countries":["Russia"],"fam":"Communist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-9,-5,8,7,-7,10],"core":"A disciplined vanguard party seizes power in the name of the working class and imposes socialism from above.","econ":"Nationalisation of banks, land and large industry; war communism; then a partial market retreat under the NEP.","org":"Soviets subordinated to the party, other parties banned, factions banned within the party, secret police from 1917.","note":"The pivotal case for separating economic content from institutional form: economics far left, authority far concentrated.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Banks, land and large industry were taken into state ownership within a year of the seizure of power.","items":[{"t":"The Decree on Land abolished private landownership in November 1917.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Banks were nationalised in December 1917 and large-scale industry in June 1918.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Coded −9 rather than −10 because the New Economic Policy from 1921 restored small private trade and farming.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Culturally radical in the first phase: the most permissive family and gender law then in existence anywhere.","items":[{"t":"Divorce on demand, civil marriage and the legalisation of abortion were introduced between 1917 and 1920.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The criminalisation of homosexuality was removed with the tsarist code in 1922.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Other parties, factions and the elected assembly were removed within four years.","items":[{"t":"The Constituent Assembly, in which the Socialist Revolutionaries held a majority, was dissolved by force after one sitting in January 1918.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Cheka was established in December 1917, six weeks after the seizure of power.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Tenth Party Congress banned organised factions inside the party in 1921.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Formally federal, actually centralist, with the party structure overriding the republican one.","items":[{"t":"The 1922 union treaty created republics whose communist parties were branches of a single centralised party.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Internationalist and class-based rather than national: membership was defined by relation to production, not descent.","items":[{"t":"The Comintern was founded in 1919 on the premise that the revolution was not national.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Coded −7 rather than lower because 'former people' were disenfranchised by class origin in the 1918 constitution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"An armed seizure of power against a provisional government, followed by civil war.","items":[{"t":"Power was taken by armed insurrection in October 1917 rather than through the election held the following month.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"mensheviks","n":"Mensheviks","aka":"RSDLP(m)","yr":"1903–1921","pl":"Russia","region":"Europe","countries":["Russia"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-8,-5,-4,3,-7,2],"core":"Russia must pass through a bourgeois-democratic stage; socialism cannot be decreed by a minority.","econ":"Same long-run socialisation goals as the Bolsheviks, sequenced differently.","org":"Broad, open, democratic party; constituent assembly; coalition with liberals.","note":"Nearly identical to Bolshevism on the economic axis and nearly opposite on authority and method. Suppressed by 1921.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded within one point of the Bolsheviks: the disagreement was about sequence and method, not about ownership.","items":[{"t":"Both factions accepted the same Second Congress programme of 1903 on socialisation of the means of production.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Shared the Bolshevik cultural programme; the split was never about social questions.","items":[{"t":"Both factions campaigned on universal suffrage including for women, civil marriage and secular schooling.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Committed to an open mass party and a constituent assembly, and destroyed by the faction that was not.","items":[{"t":"Martov's 1903 formulation would have admitted any member who assisted the party, against Lenin's requirement of participation in an organisation.","k":"prog"},{"t":"The party was banned and its leaders exiled or imprisoned by 1921.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Favoured a democratic republic with substantial regional autonomy rather than centralised command.","items":[{"t":"The Georgian Menshevik republic of 1918–21 operated a parliamentary constitution until the Red Army invasion.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Universalist on the same terms as classical Marxism.","items":[{"t":"Party programme framed emancipation in class terms with no ascriptive criterion.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"The defining difference from Bolshevism: power to be won through the constituent assembly, not against it.","items":[{"t":"The faction opposed the October seizure and walked out of the Second Congress of Soviets in protest.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"srs","n":"Socialist Revolutionaries","aka":"SRs","yr":"1902–1922","pl":"Russia","region":"Europe","countries":["Russia"],"fam":"Agrarian Socialist","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-8,-4,-1,-4,-5,6],"core":"Socialisation of the land through the peasant commune; the peasantry, not the proletariat, as the revolutionary class.","econ":"Land to those who work it, distributed by village communes; no private ownership of land.","org":"Constituent assembly and federal republic — combined with a terrorist assassination wing.","note":"Won the 1917 Constituent Assembly election. The assembly was dissolved by force after one day.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: socialisation of the land through the peasant commune.","items":[{"t":"The programme demands land be taken out of commerce and distributed by village communes.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: secular and egalitarian, with a peasant rather than proletarian base.","items":[{"t":"The party drew on the Narodnik tradition of going to the people.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: a constituent assembly and federal republic, with a terrorist wing.","items":[{"t":"The Combat Organisation assassinated two interior ministers and a grand duke between 1902 and 1905.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −4: land distributed by the village commune rather than by the state.","items":[{"t":"Distribution was to be administered locally on a labour norm.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: a federal republic of nationalities.","items":[{"t":"The programme supported national self-determination within a federation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: won the Constituent Assembly election and was dissolved by force.","items":[{"t":"The party took around 40% of the November 1917 vote; the assembly was dispersed after one sitting.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"distributism","n":"Distributism","aka":"Chesterton, Belloc","yr":"1910–","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Christian Democratic","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[3,6,-6,-8,3,-4],"core":"Neither capitalist concentration nor state collectivism, but the widest possible distribution of productive property.","econ":"Family farms, small workshops, guilds, cooperative banks, anti-trust by design.","org":"Subsidiarity and localism; the parish and guild before the state.","note":"Pro-private-property and anti-capitalist at the same time, which is only coherent once ownership scale is distinguished from ownership type.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: private property defended precisely against its concentration.","items":[{"t":"Belloc's The Servile State (1912) argues that capitalism and collectivism converge on the same unfree outcome.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: Catholic social order and the family as the productive unit.","items":[{"t":"Chesterton's Outline of Sanity treats the family smallholding as the norm to be restored.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: guilds and intermediate bodies against both state and trust.","items":[{"t":"The doctrine derives from the subsidiarity principle of Rerum Novarum.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −8: the parish and the guild before the state.","items":[{"t":"Localism is constitutive rather than instrumental in the argument.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a Catholic and national frame without a descent rule.","items":[{"t":"The tradition is confessional in inspiration and addresses ownership universally.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: legal reform of ownership through taxation and anti-trust.","items":[{"t":"Proposals centred on differential taxation favouring small holdings.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"guildsoc","n":"Guild Socialism","aka":"G.D.H. Cole","yr":"1906–1925","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Socialist","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-7,-4,-7,-4,-6,-3],"core":"Industry owned nationally but managed by democratic guilds of workers, not by state bureaucracy.","econ":"National ownership with self-governing producer control over production decisions.","org":"Dual sovereignty: a political parliament and an industrial congress with parallel authority.","note":"An explicit attempt to get socialist economics without the concentration of authority — the recurring problem the atlas keeps surfacing.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: national ownership with democratic producer control.","items":[{"t":"Cole's Self-Government in Industry (1917) separates ownership from management deliberately.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: no distinctive cultural programme.","items":[{"t":"The argument is about industrial democracy rather than social order.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: an explicit attempt to obtain socialist economics without bureaucratic concentration.","items":[{"t":"Proposes dual sovereignty between a political parliament and an industrial congress.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −4: the workshop and the guild as decision units under national ownership.","items":[{"t":"Authority runs upward from the workplace rather than downward from a ministry.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: membership by occupation rather than by birth.","items":[{"t":"Guild membership is defined by the work performed.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: encroaching control through unions rather than seizure.","items":[{"t":"The strategy was to expand union authority over production step by step.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"stalinism","n":"Stalinism","aka":"Socialism in one country","yr":"1928–1953","pl":"USSR","region":"Europe","countries":["Russia","USSR"],"fam":"Communist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-10,3,10,10,3,8],"core":"Forced industrialisation and collectivisation under a single leader identified with the party, the state and history itself.","econ":"Total state ownership, five-year plans, collectivised agriculture, forced labour camps as an economic sector.","org":"One party, one leader, no independent courts, press, unions or civil society; mass terror against the party itself.","note":"Culturally it reversed the Bolshevik position — restoring the family, criminalising abortion and homosexuality, promoting Russian nationalism — while pushing economics and authority to their limits.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Private ownership of productive assets was eliminated outright and allocation was set by physical plan targets rather than prices.","items":[{"t":"The first Five-Year Plan from 1928 placed all industry under state ownership and central targets.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Collectivisation from 1929 abolished private farming; roughly a quarter of a million households were deported as kulaks.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded positive despite Bolshevik origins because the regime reversed its own cultural programme after 1934.","items":[{"t":"Abortion was recriminalised in 1936 and divorce made difficult; the 1936 constitution celebrated the family.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Male homosexuality was recriminalised in 1934.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Russian national history and military tradition were rehabilitated in schooling from the mid-1930s.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"The party itself was destroyed as an autonomous body, which places this above ordinary one-party rule.","items":[{"t":"Of the 1934 Central Committee, roughly two-thirds were shot within four years.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Factions had been banned inside the party since 1921; by 1937 mere association was capital.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"The most centralised state then in existence, with republics nominally federal and actually administered from Moscow.","items":[{"t":"Gosplan set physical output targets for the entire union economy from Moscow.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1936 constitution granted republics a formal right of secession that had no mechanism and was never exercised.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded slightly positive rather than universalist because of the deportation of entire nationalities.","items":[{"t":"Eight nationalities including Chechens, Crimean Tatars and Volga Germans were deported wholesale between 1941 and 1944.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1952–53 campaign against 'rootless cosmopolitans' targeted Soviet Jews explicitly.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded high but below the Bolshevik score: this was transformation by state administrative violence rather than by insurrection.","items":[{"t":"Collectivisation and the industrialisation drive were imposed by decree and armed requisition between 1929 and 1933.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1932–33 famine in Ukraine and Kazakhstan followed grain procurement quotas maintained during crop failure.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"trotskyism","n":"Trotskyism","aka":"Left Opposition","yr":"1923–","pl":"USSR, international","region":"Transnational","countries":["Russia","USSR"],"fam":"Communist","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-10,-6,3,5,-9,9],"core":"Permanent revolution across borders; the Soviet state had degenerated into a bureaucratic caste that must be politically overthrown.","econ":"Planned economy with restored workers' democracy in its management; industrialisation without forced collectivisation.","org":"Soviet democracy, legal factions and multiple soviet parties inside a workers' state.","note":"Same economics as Stalinism, sharply different authority coding. Almost the entire leadership was executed.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor: planned economy with restored workers' democracy in its management.","items":[{"t":"The Revolution Betrayed (1936) defends the planned economy and attacks the bureaucracy administering it.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: opposed the Stalinist reversal on family and gender law.","items":[{"t":"The Revolution Betrayed devotes a chapter to the recriminalisation of abortion and the cult of the family.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: soviet democracy with legal factions and multiple soviet parties.","items":[{"t":"The Transitional Programme (1938) demands the legalisation of soviet parties.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: planning at union scale with international extension.","items":[{"t":"Permanent revolution requires the extension of the revolution beyond national borders.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −9: internationalist against socialism in one country.","items":[{"t":"The Fourth International was founded in 1938 explicitly on this basis.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +9: revolution, including against the existing workers' state.","items":[{"t":"The programme calls for political revolution in the USSR while defending its property forms.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"italfasc","n":"Italian Fascism","aka":"PNF","yr":"1922–1943","pl":"Italy","region":"Europe","countries":["Italy"],"fam":"Fascist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[1,8,9,9,7,7],"core":"The nation as an organic whole realised in the state; violence as regenerative; liberalism and Marxism both to be destroyed.","econ":"Private ownership retained under state direction; corporatist syndicates replacing free unions; later heavy state shareholding via IRI.","org":"Single party, leader principle, secret police, abolition of elections and of independent unions and press.","note":"The founding case for coding authority separately: near the economic centre, near the ceiling on authority, method and exclusion.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Near the centre: private ownership retained, unions abolished, and a very large state shareholding built during the depression.","items":[{"t":"The IRI, created in 1933, gave the state the largest industrial holding in Europe outside the Soviet Union while leaving firms nominally private.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1927 Labour Charter organised employers and workers into state syndicates and outlawed strikes.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"The state claimed authority over the whole of social life, with the 1929 concordat restoring the church's role in it.","items":[{"t":"The Lateran Treaty of 1929 made Catholicism the state religion and returned religious instruction to schools.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Youth, leisure and professional life were organised through party bodies such as the Opera Nazionale Balilla and Dopolavoro.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Parliament, opposition parties and the free press were removed by statute between 1925 and 1928.","items":[{"t":"The 1926 'very fascist laws' dissolved all other parties and created a political police and a special tribunal.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1928 electoral law replaced constituency choice with a single national list drawn up by the Fascist Grand Council.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Elected local government was abolished and replaced by appointed officials; empire was a central aim.","items":[{"t":"Elected mayors were replaced by appointed podestà from 1926.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Ethiopia was invaded in 1935 and annexed as part of a declared empire.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded high but below Nazism: the racial laws came late, under German pressure, and were not foundational doctrine.","items":[{"t":"The racial laws of 1938 excluded Jews from schools, professions and marriage sixteen years into the regime.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Colonial subjects in Libya and East Africa were governed under separate and inferior legal status throughout.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Squad violence preceded office and the seizure was extra-parliamentary in form even though the appointment was legal.","items":[{"t":"Blackshirt squads killed hundreds of opponents between 1920 and 1922 before the March on Rome.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The socialist deputy Matteotti was abducted and killed in 1924 after alleging electoral fraud.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nazism","n":"National Socialism","aka":"NSDAP","yr":"1920–1945","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Fascist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":true,"era":3,"a":[2,9,10,9,10,9],"core":"A racially defined national community, hierarchy by blood, conquest of living space, extermination of designated enemies.","econ":"Private ownership and profit preserved and privatised further; state direction of investment for rearmament; free unions abolished and replaced by a state front; slave labour.","org":"Total concentration of power in the leader; no parliament, courts, press, or lawful opposition.","note":"The 'socialist' in the party name is the most frequently cited evidence in political argument. The regime executed and imprisoned German socialists and communists, retained and expanded private ownership, and transferred state enterprises to private hands. Historians of the period place it in the fascist family; the naming dispute is about the word, not the record.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Ownership stayed private and was pushed further private, while allocation was directed by the state for rearmament. That combination sits just right of the midpoint, not at either pole.","items":[{"t":"The 1920 twenty-five point programme demanded nationalisation of trusts, profit-sharing and land expropriation without compensation.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Hitler declared the programme unalterable in 1926 and none of its collectivist points were enacted.","k":"rec"},{"t":"State holdings in steel, mining, banking and shipbuilding were sold to private owners between 1934 and 1937; economic historians identify this as the first large-scale privatisation programme of the twentieth century.","k":"schol"},{"t":"Free trade unions were dissolved in May 1933 and replaced by the state-run German Labour Front; strikes and collective bargaining were abolished.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Social order was to be reconstituted on racial hierarchy, with women's role restricted by policy and all autonomous civil association dissolved.","items":[{"t":"Married women were pushed out of the professions from 1933 and awarded the Mother's Cross for childbearing from 1938.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Youth, professional and leisure organisations were merged into party bodies under the Gleichschaltung laws of 1933–34.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Every independent institution was either abolished or absorbed within eighteen months of taking office. There is no lower-scoring case available.","items":[{"t":"The Enabling Act of March 1933 transferred legislative power to the cabinet.","k":"rec"},{"t":"All parties other than the NSDAP were banned by July 1933.","k":"rec"},{"t":"State parliaments were abolished and Reich governors appointed in 1934; the offices of chancellor and president were merged.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Federal structure abolished outright and replaced with direct appointment from the centre, plus territorial expansion.","items":[{"t":"The Länder parliaments were abolished in January 1934 and their sovereign rights transferred to the Reich.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Membership of the political community was defined by ancestry in statute, with the penalty for exclusion escalating to extermination.","items":[{"t":"The 1935 Nuremberg Laws defined citizenship by descent and criminalised marriage across the line they drew.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1939–1945 extermination programme is the terminal case of an ascriptive membership rule.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"The party came to office through a legal appointment and then abolished the mechanism that produced it, having already run a decade of paramilitary street violence.","items":[{"t":"The SA numbered in the hundreds of thousands and functioned as a standing political militia from 1921.","k":"rec"},{"t":"No competitive national election was held after March 1933.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"falange","n":"Falangism","aka":"Spanish Phalanx","yr":"1933–1975","pl":"Spain","region":"Europe","countries":["Spain"],"fam":"Fascist","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[0,9,9,8,5,6],"core":"National-syndicalist unity of Spain under Catholic and imperial identity, against both class war and liberal parliamentarism.","econ":"Vertical syndicates combining owners and workers by decree; autarky; later technocratic liberalisation.","org":"Single legal movement under Franco; no elections, no free press or unions.","note":"Absorbed into a broader authoritarian regime that was more clerical-conservative than fascist after 1945.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at zero: vertical syndicates combining owners and workers by decree.","items":[{"t":"The 1938 Labour Charter organised the economy into state syndicates and outlawed strikes.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: Catholic national order restored by statute.","items":[{"t":"Civil marriage and divorce were abolished in 1938; the 1953 concordat made Catholicism the state religion.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: a single legal movement with no elections.","items":[{"t":"All parties were merged into the FET by decree in April 1937.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: a unitary Spain with regional languages suppressed.","items":[{"t":"Catalan and Basque were banned from public and official use after 1939.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5 after the v2.2 review: assimilationist Hispanidad rather than racial closure.","items":[{"t":"The doctrine claimed a civilisational community across the Spanish-speaking world.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: power taken by military rising and civil war.","items":[{"t":"The July 1936 rising began a war that killed around 500,000 people.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"The Hispanidad doctrine was expansive and assimilationist rather than racially closed. The Franco state's exclusions were political and confessional."}]},{"id":"action","n":"Integral Nationalism","aka":"Action Française","yr":"1899–1944","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Reactionary","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[5,10,8,6,9,4],"core":"Restoration of the monarchy, hereditary and decentralised, against the 'four confederate states' of Jews, Protestants, Freemasons and foreigners.","econ":"Corporatist, anti-industrial-finance, agrarian and guild-oriented.","org":"Hereditary monarchy with provincial and corporate liberties beneath it.","note":"Reactionary rather than fascist: it wanted a restored past, not a mobilised new order. The distinction matters and is regularly collapsed.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: corporatist and agrarian against industrial finance.","items":[{"t":"Maurras attacked finance capital and the department store alongside the republic.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: restoration of hereditary monarchy and Catholic order.","items":[{"t":"Maurras defended Catholicism as social order while remaining personally agnostic.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: hereditary monarchy with no elected legislature.","items":[{"t":"The programme rejected parliamentary representation as such.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: monarchy with restored provincial and corporate liberties.","items":[{"t":"Decentralisation to provinces and corporations was part of the restoration programme.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: the 'four confederate states' named as internal enemies.","items":[{"t":"Maurras identified Jews, Protestants, Freemasons and foreigners as the anti-France.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: reactionary rather than fascist — restoration, not a mobilised new order.","items":[{"t":"The Camelots du Roi used street violence but the movement sought to restore a past regime.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"salazar","n":"Estado Novo","aka":"Salazarism","yr":"1933–1974","pl":"Portugal","region":"Europe","countries":["Portugal"],"fam":"Clerical Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[4,9,8,7,6,-3],"core":"God, fatherland, family, and authority; demobilise the population rather than mobilise it.","econ":"Corporatist guilds, balanced budgets, protected colonial economy, deliberate slow growth.","org":"Single party, censorship, secret police, tightly controlled elections.","note":"Often filed as fascist. Its low score on the change axis is the reason specialists usually separate it — it was conservative-authoritarian, not revolutionary.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: corporatist guilds, balanced budgets and deliberately slow growth.","items":[{"t":"The 1933 constitution organised the economy into state-licensed corporations.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: God, fatherland, family and authority as the stated order.","items":[{"t":"Education, censorship and the 1940 concordat placed the church at the centre of public life.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: a single party, censorship, secret police and controlled elections.","items":[{"t":"The PIDE political police operated from 1945; opposition candidates withdrew before every election.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a unitary state administering an overseas empire.","items":[{"t":"The colonies were reclassified as overseas provinces in 1951 to resist decolonisation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: assimilation status in the colonies granted to a tiny minority.","items":[{"t":"Under 1% of the African population of Angola and Mozambique held assimilado status.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: demobilising rather than mobilising, which is why it is separated from fascism here.","items":[{"t":"The regime discouraged mass participation rather than organising it.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"kemalism","n":"Kemalism","aka":"Six Arrows","yr":"1923–1950","pl":"Turkey","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Turkey"],"fam":"Authoritarian Modernising","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-2,-4,8,9,6,7],"core":"Republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism and revolutionism imposed from above.","econ":"State-led industrialisation, state banks and factories, mixed economy.","org":"Single-party rule until 1946; the army as guardian of the constitutional order.","note":"Culturally progressive and institutionally authoritarian at the same time — a combination the one-dimensional model cannot express.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: state banks, state factories and a mixed economy.","items":[{"t":"The 1934 five-year plan built state enterprises in textiles, paper, glass and steel.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: the caliphate abolished, the alphabet changed and women enfranchised.","items":[{"t":"Women received the national vote in 1934, ahead of France and Italy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: single-party rule with the army as guardian of the order.","items":[{"t":"Opposition parties founded in 1924 and 1930 were both closed within months.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: a unitary republic with regional and linguistic difference suppressed.","items":[{"t":"The Kurdish language and Kurdish place names were banned; the 1925 and 1937 revolts were crushed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: a Turkish national identity imposed on a multi-ethnic population.","items":[{"t":"The 1923 population exchange with Greece moved around 1.6 million people on religious criteria.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +7: transformation imposed from above at speed.","items":[{"t":"Dress, script, calendar, law and language were changed by statute within a decade.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"showa","n":"Imperial Japanese Statism","aka":"Shōwa nationalism","yr":"1931–1945","pl":"Japan","region":"Asia","countries":["Japan"],"fam":"Militarist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[3,10,9,9,10,4],"core":"The emperor-centred national polity, military expansion in Asia, subordination of the individual to the state.","econ":"Zaibatsu conglomerates under wartime state control, colonial extraction, forced labour.","org":"Cabinet capture by the armed forces, dissolution of parties into a single association, thought police.","note":"Frequently called fascist; specialists more often describe it as militarist statism because it had no mass revolutionary party and no charismatic leader.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: zaibatsu conglomerates under wartime state control.","items":[{"t":"The 1938 National Mobilisation Law placed industry, labour and prices under state direction.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: the emperor-centred national polity as the organising doctrine.","items":[{"t":"Kokutai no Hongi (1937) was distributed to every school as official doctrine.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: cabinet capture by the armed forces and parties dissolved into one association.","items":[{"t":"Parties dissolved themselves into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association in 1940.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere directed from Tokyo.","items":[{"t":"Occupied territories were administered by the Japanese military under central direction.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the ceiling: colonial subjects and occupied populations without rights.","items":[{"t":"Forced labour and the comfort women system operated across the occupied territories.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: assassination and coup attempts alongside constitutional forms.","items":[{"t":"Two prime ministers were assassinated in the 1930s and the February 1936 coup attempt was suppressed.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"newdeal","n":"New Deal Liberalism","aka":"","yr":"1933–1968","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-2,-2,1,4,0,-6],"core":"Save capitalism by regulating it: mass employment, social insurance, collective bargaining, and countercyclical spending.","econ":"Public works, Social Security, banking regulation, farm price supports, protected union rights — with private ownership intact.","org":"Constitutional democracy with a much larger executive branch and new independent agencies.","note":"Denounced at the time as socialism and as fascism simultaneously. Its coordinates are close to neither.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: public works and social insurance with private ownership intact.","items":[{"t":"Social Security 1935, the Wagner Act 1935 and Glass-Steagall 1933 were the principal instruments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: labour rights extended while segregation was preserved in the programmes.","items":[{"t":"Southern agricultural and domestic workers were excluded from Social Security at the insistence of Southern Democrats.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: constitutional democracy with a much larger executive and new agencies.","items":[{"t":"The 1937 court-packing plan was defeated by Congress and abandoned.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: federal authority expanded decisively over the states.","items":[{"t":"The Tennessee Valley Authority and the National Labor Relations Board were federal instruments over state economies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded at zero: universalist in rhetoric, segregated in delivery.","items":[{"t":"Federal housing policy institutionalised redlining through the 1930s and 1940s.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: legislation and litigation, denounced at the time as both socialism and fascism.","items":[{"t":"Every major programme was enacted by Congress and tested in the courts.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nordicsd","n":"Nordic Social Democracy","aka":"Folkhemmet","yr":"1932–","pl":"Sweden, Norway, Denmark","region":"Europe","countries":["Denmark","Norway","Sweden"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-5,-6,-6,2,-4,-8],"core":"Universal welfare, full employment and centralised wage bargaining, inside a market economy and a liberal constitution.","econ":"High taxation and transfers, universal public services, mostly private firms, free trade, strong unions.","org":"Parliamentary democracy, proportional representation, corporatist bargaining with employers.","note":"The most commonly mislabelled economy on earth. Very high redistribution, very high market freedom, very dispersed authority.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Very high redistribution inside a very open market economy. The transfer level pulls left, the ownership and trade regime pulls right.","items":[{"t":"Sweden has no wealth tax since 2007 and no inheritance tax since 2004.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Publicly funded school vouchers admit for-profit private providers.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Denmark and Sweden rank in the most open quartile globally on trade and investment freedom.","k":"data"},{"t":"Tax revenue above forty percent of GDP with near-universal public services pulls the score to −5 rather than to the centre.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Among the most liberal social legislation in the world, adopted early and by consensus.","items":[{"t":"Sweden legalised same-sex partnership in 1995 and marriage in 2009; Denmark was first in the world in 1989.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Individual taxation, universal childcare and parental leave quotas designed around dual-earner households.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Strongly dispersed authority: proportional representation, coalition norms, and institutionalised bargaining with organised interests.","items":[{"t":"Government formation has required multi-party coalition or confidence agreement in almost every postwar parliament.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Wage-setting is conducted by employer and union federations rather than by statute.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded mildly central: strong unitary welfare standards delivered through very strong municipalities.","items":[{"t":"Municipalities levy their own income tax and deliver most health, care and schooling.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Civic and universalist in law, with migration policy tightening substantially since 2015.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship by residence with no ancestral requirement; Sweden received the highest per-capita asylum intake in Europe in 2015.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"The most incremental tradition in the socialist family, built on negotiated settlement rather than confrontation.","items":[{"t":"The 1938 Saltsjöbaden agreement established peaceful bargaining between unions and employers and held for decades.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"popfront","n":"Popular Front","aka":"","yr":"1935–1939","pl":"France, Spain, Chile","region":"Transnational","countries":["Chile","France","Spain"],"fam":"Coalition","t":"coalition","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-6,-5,-3,3,-6,-2],"core":"An alliance of communists, socialists and liberals to stop fascism by defending the existing republic.","econ":"Paid holidays, forty-hour week, collective bargaining, selective nationalisation.","org":"Parliamentary republic defended against paramilitary and military overthrow.","note":"A tactical formation, not an ideology; included here because its members occupy very different coordinates.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: paid holidays, the forty-hour week and selective nationalisation.","items":[{"t":"The Matignon agreements of June 1936 granted collective bargaining and wage rises within a week.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: secular republican against clerical and paramilitary leagues.","items":[{"t":"The far-right leagues were dissolved by decree in June 1936.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: defence of the existing republic against overthrow.","items":[{"t":"The coalition was formed after the February 1934 riots at the Chamber of Deputies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national legislation through an existing parliamentary state.","items":[{"t":"The Bank of France was brought under state control in 1936.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: anti-fascist and internationalist in framing.","items":[{"t":"The coalition admitted refugees from Germany, Italy and later Spain.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: an electoral alliance, not an insurrectionary one.","items":[{"t":"Formed to win the 1936 election and governed constitutionally until it fell apart in 1938.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"cnt","n":"CNT-FAI Revolution","aka":"Spanish anarchism","yr":"1936–1939","pl":"Catalonia, Aragón","region":"Europe","countries":[],"fam":"Anarchist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-9,-7,-8,-9,-7,8],"core":"Workers and peasants collectivising land and industry directly, while fighting a war against a military coup.","econ":"Collectivised farms and factories run by assemblies; money abolished in some villages.","org":"Federated committees with mandated delegates; no state apparatus in the collectivised zones.","note":"The largest anarchist economy ever created. Suppressed by its own side's communist ministers in 1937.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −9: collectivised farms and factories run by assemblies.","items":[{"t":"Around 1,700 agrarian collectives operated in the republican zone; money was abolished in some villages.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: anticlerical, with rationalist schools and legalised abortion in Catalonia.","items":[{"t":"Catalonia legalised abortion in December 1936, the first in Western Europe.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −8: federated committees with mandated delegates and no state apparatus.","items":[{"t":"The Council of Aragón administered the region through delegates from the collectives.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −9: the collective and the locality as the unit.","items":[{"t":"Coordination ran through regional plenums of delegates rather than a government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: internationalist, with volunteers from across Europe.","items":[{"t":"The militia columns included foreign volunteers organised without national units.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: revolution carried out during an armed defence against a coup.","items":[{"t":"The May Days of 1937 ended with the collectives suppressed by the republican government.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"makhno","n":"Makhnovshchina","aka":"Free Territory","yr":"1918–1921","pl":"Ukraine","region":"Europe","countries":["Ukraine"],"fam":"Anarchist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-8,-5,-8,-10,-6,8],"core":"Peasant anarchist self-organisation fighting both White armies and Bolshevik centralisation.","econ":"Land seized and worked by free communes and cooperatives.","org":"Regional congresses of peasants, workers and insurgents; an elected insurgent army.","note":"Destroyed by the Red Army immediately after their joint enemy was defeated.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: land seized and worked by free communes.","items":[{"t":"Land was distributed to communes at the regional congresses of 1919.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: anticlerical and egalitarian in the movement's declarations.","items":[{"t":"Congress resolutions abolished landlord and clerical privilege.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −8: regional congresses of peasants, workers and insurgents.","items":[{"t":"Four regional congresses were held in 1919 with elected delegates.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the floor: the village and the commune as the unit.","items":[{"t":"The movement rejected any authority above the regional congress.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: explicitly opposed to the pogroms of the period.","items":[{"t":"Makhno ordered executions for antisemitic violence within his own forces.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: an insurgent army.","items":[{"t":"Destroyed by the Red Army in 1921 immediately after their joint enemy was defeated.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"gandhi","n":"Gandhian Nationalism","aka":"Satyagraha","yr":"1915–1948","pl":"India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"Anti-colonial","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-2,2,-7,-9,-4,-2],"core":"Independence through mass non-violent non-cooperation; moral self-rule prior to political self-rule.","econ":"Village self-sufficiency, hand production, trusteeship rather than expropriation of wealth.","org":"Decentralised village republics; deep suspicion of the industrial centralised state.","note":"Radical in ends and method, deeply decentralist, and economically closer to distributism than to socialism.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: village self-sufficiency and trusteeship rather than expropriation.","items":[{"t":"Hind Swaraj (1909) rejects industrial civilisation itself, not only British rule.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: reformist on untouchability and traditional on caste and gender.","items":[{"t":"Campaigned against untouchability while defending varna, which Ambedkar attacked him for.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: deep suspicion of the centralised industrial state.","items":[{"t":"Hind Swaraj describes parliament as a sterile woman and a prostitute.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the local end: the village republic as the unit of self-rule.","items":[{"t":"Proposed oceanic circles of villages rather than a pyramid of authority.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: communal unity as a constitutive commitment, and a fast against partition violence.","items":[{"t":"Fasted in Calcutta and Delhi in 1947–48 to stop communal killing, and was murdered for it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: mass non-cooperation, called off when it turned violent.","items":[{"t":"Suspended the non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura killings.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"baath","n":"Ba'athism","aka":"Arab Socialism","yr":"1947–","pl":"Syria, Iraq","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Iraq","Syria"],"fam":"Nationalist / Socialist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,4,9,9,7,6],"core":"Unity, freedom and socialism for a single Arab nation, achieved by a vanguard party holding the state.","econ":"Nationalised oil, banks and heavy industry; land reform; a large state sector with a patronage bourgeoisie.","org":"Single-party rule, military-security dominance, personalist leadership, no lawful opposition.","note":"Socialist economics fused with ethnic nationalism and monist authority — a combination the left–right line renders unreadable.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: nationalised oil, banking and heavy industry.","items":[{"t":"Iraqi oil was nationalised in 1972; Syrian banking and industry from 1963.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: secular in doctrine and socially conservative in practice.","items":[{"t":"Personal status law remained under religious jurisdiction in both states throughout.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: single-party rule constitutionally entrenched.","items":[{"t":"Article 8 of the Syrian constitution named the party leader of state and society until 2012.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: a unitary state with pan-Arab union as the stated goal.","items":[{"t":"The 1958 union of Syria and Egypt lasted three years before Syrian secession.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: Arab nationalism with violent exclusion of Kurds and others.","items":[{"t":"The Anfal campaign of 1988 killed tens of thousands of Kurds including by chemical weapons at Halabja.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: power taken by coup in both states.","items":[{"t":"The party took power by military coup in Syria in 1963 and in Iraq in 1968.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ordolib","n":"Ordoliberalism","aka":"Freiburg School","yr":"1936–","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"school","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[6,2,-6,1,-1,-7],"core":"Markets do not maintain themselves; a strong state must construct and police competitive order and prevent private power.","econ":"Strict competition law, independent central bank, stable money, a social safety net, no industrial planning.","org":"Constitutional state with binding rules that politicians cannot bargain away.","note":"Explains why 'neoliberal' is a poor label for German economic policy: it is pro-market and strongly anti-laissez-faire.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: markets constructed and policed rather than left alone.","items":[{"t":"Eucken's Grundsätze sets out constitutive principles including a functioning price system and stable money.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: a conservative social frame within a liberal economic order.","items":[{"t":"The school emerged from Protestant and Catholic social thought as much as from economics.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: binding rules that politicians cannot bargain away.","items":[{"t":"The Bundesbank's statutory independence and the Federal Cartel Office both derive from this school.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: a strong national framework and later a European one.","items":[{"t":"European competition law was substantially shaped by ordoliberal thinking.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −1: no membership doctrine.","items":[{"t":"The school addresses economic order rather than the composition of the polity.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: constitutional economics, changed by law.","items":[{"t":"The 1948 currency reform and the Basic Law were the school's instruments.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"cdu45","n":"Postwar Christian Democracy","aka":"CDU, DC, MRP","yr":"1945–1990","pl":"Western Europe","region":"Europe","countries":[],"fam":"Christian Democratic","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,4,-5,1,2,-8],"core":"Reconcile market economy, social protection and Christian moral order; European integration as a peace project.","econ":"Social market economy: private ownership, competition policy, generous social insurance, codetermination.","org":"Parliamentary democracy, federalism, constitutional courts, supranational treaty commitments.","note":"The most electorally successful ideological family in postwar Europe and the actual architect of the European welfare state.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: the social market economy as an explicit third way.","items":[{"t":"The 1949 Düsseldorf Guidelines committed the party to competition policy plus social insurance.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: Christian moral order with a mass democratic party structure.","items":[{"t":"Codetermination legislation from 1951 gave workers board representation in coal and steel.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: parliamentary democracy with a constitutional court and coalition as the norm.","items":[{"t":"The Federal Constitutional Court, created in 1951, has struck down legislation from every government since.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: federalism at home and supranational integration abroad.","items":[{"t":"Founding participation in the Coal and Steel Community and the Treaty of Rome.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: a Christian national frame with an expansive refugee admission after 1945.","items":[{"t":"Around twelve million expellees from the east were absorbed and granted citizenship.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: the most incremental family in the postwar settlement.","items":[{"t":"Built its programme around constitutional continuity after 1949 rather than rupture.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"apartheid","n":"Apartheid Nationalism","aka":"National Party","yr":"1948–1994","pl":"South Africa","region":"Africa","countries":["South Africa"],"fam":"Ethnic Nationalist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[0,10,7,7,10,2],"core":"Permanent legal separation of racial groups with political rights reserved to one of them.","econ":"Extensive state corporations, protected white labour, job reservation, migrant labour controls — sometimes called racial socialism by its critics.","org":"Functioning parliamentary democracy for a minority; security-state rule for the majority.","note":"Another case where the authority score depends entirely on which population is being measured. The dataset codes the regime as experienced by the majority.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at the centre, which surprises people in both directions: extensive state ownership and racially reserved employment inside a capitalist economy.","items":[{"t":"State corporations dominated steel, electricity, transport, oil and armaments.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Job reservation statutes reserved skilled categories for white workers until the 1980s.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: racial classification governed marriage, residence, education and public space by statute.","items":[{"t":"The Immorality and Mixed Marriages Acts criminalised interracial relationships from 1949.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Bantu Education from 1953 prescribed a separate and explicitly inferior curriculum.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7 rather than at the ceiling: a genuinely competitive parliament existed for the enfranchised minority.","items":[{"t":"Elections were contested and the governing party faced real parliamentary opposition throughout.","k":"rec"},{"t":"States of emergency from 1985 permitted detention without trial and press censorship for the majority.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: forced removal and the creation of nominally independent homelands administered from Pretoria.","items":[{"t":"Around 3.5 million people were forcibly relocated under the Group Areas Act and homeland policy.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the ceiling: membership of the political community was assigned by statute on racial classification.","items":[{"t":"The 1950 Population Registration Act classified every resident by race.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1970 Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act stripped Black South Africans of national citizenship.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded slightly positive: an elected government imposing a radical reordering by statute.","items":[{"t":"The system was legislated over two decades after a normal electoral victory in 1948.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"peronism","n":"Peronism","aka":"Justicialism","yr":"1946–","pl":"Argentina","region":"Americas","countries":["Argentina"],"fam":"National Populist","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-5,3,6,6,4,1],"core":"Social justice, economic independence and political sovereignty, delivered by a leader speaking directly for the shirtless masses.","econ":"Nationalised railways and utilities, big wage rises, import substitution, a state-linked union federation.","org":"Elected but plebiscitary; press pressure, packed courts, a movement rather than a programmatic party.","note":"Has produced governments coded from far left to hard right in this dataset, under one banner. A structural warning about naming a movement rather than measuring it.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5 for the 1946–55 governments specifically; the movement as a whole spans fourteen points and is the reason Menemism and Kirchnerism are separate entries.","items":[{"t":"Railways, telephones and the central bank were nationalised between 1946 and 1948.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Real wages rose sharply in the first term through state-backed collective bargaining.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded mildly traditional: women's suffrage and social rights alongside a Catholic corporatist frame.","items":[{"t":"Women received the vote in 1947 and a women's branch of the party was created.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Divorce was legalised in 1954 during the conflict with the church and repealed after the 1955 coup.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: elected, and hostile to the institutions that could check it.","items":[{"t":"The supreme court was impeached and replaced in 1947; the main opposition newspaper was expropriated in 1951.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: provincial autonomy overridden by federal intervention.","items":[{"t":"Federal intervenors were appointed over provinces governed by the opposition.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded mildly positive: the nation defined against foreign capital and a domestic oligarchy.","items":[{"t":"Economic independence was one of the three founding banners of the movement.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded near neutral: constitutional in method, with a mobilised movement and organised street power.","items":[{"t":"The movement's founding day commemorates a mass mobilisation that freed its leader from detention in 1945.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":1946,"pts":[{"y":1946,"a":[-5,3,6,6,4,1],"note":"Railways, telephones and the central bank nationalised; real wages rise sharply."},{"y":1973,"a":[-6,3,6,6,4,2],"note":"Return from exile amid armed conflict between the movement's own factions."},{"y":1991,"a":[8,4,6,4,2,-1],"note":"Menem: oil, telecoms, rail, airlines and pensions privatised under the same banner."},{"y":2003,"a":[-6,1,5,5,2,-1],"note":"Kirchner: renationalisation, price controls, export taxes."},{"y":2023,"a":[-6,1,5,5,2,-1],"note":"The movement loses the presidency to a self-described anarcho-capitalist."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"maoism","n":"Maoism","aka":"Mao Zedong Thought","yr":"1949–1976","pl":"China","region":"Asia","countries":["China"],"fam":"Communist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-10,-2,10,9,4,10],"core":"Peasant-based revolution, continuous class struggle after the seizure of power, permanent mobilisation against the party's own institutions.","econ":"Land redistribution then full collectivisation into communes; state ownership of all industry; the Great Leap Forward famine.","org":"Single party, personality cult, mass campaigns used to destroy the party's own bureaucracy during the Cultural Revolution.","note":"Unusual among communist regimes in periodically attacking its own state machinery — mobilisational rather than merely bureaucratic.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Total state and collective ownership including the abolition of household farming.","items":[{"t":"Communes established from 1958 abolished private plots and household cooking.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Great Leap Forward famine of 1959–61 is estimated at between fifteen and forty-five million deaths.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded near neutral: radical on the family and on women's labour, and violently hostile to inherited culture.","items":[{"t":"The 1950 Marriage Law abolished arranged marriage and concubinage and permitted divorce.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Four Olds campaign of 1966 destroyed temples, texts and artefacts systematically.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling, with the distinctive feature that the party's own institutions were destroyed from above and below.","items":[{"t":"The head of state was purged and died in detention in 1969 without trial.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Highly centralised in command with mobilisational campaigns executed locally.","items":[{"t":"Provincial and county cadres were bound to centrally set steel and grain targets during the Great Leap.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded moderately positive: class background was hereditary in practice and determined life chances.","items":[{"t":"Class labels assigned in the land reform were inherited and governed schooling, marriage and employment for decades.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at the ceiling because the regime repeatedly used mass mobilisation to attack its own institutions.","items":[{"t":"The Cultural Revolution from 1966 closed universities and destroyed party and state bodies from below on the leader's instruction.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"titoism","n":"Titoism","aka":"Workers' self-management","yr":"1948–1980","pl":"Yugoslavia","region":"Europe","countries":["Yugoslavia"],"fam":"Communist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-8,-2,7,2,0,5],"core":"A socialism independent of Moscow, built on enterprise self-management and a federation of nations.","econ":"Socially owned firms run by elected workers' councils competing in a market; no central plan after 1965.","org":"Single party and a lifetime president, but genuine federal devolution and open borders.","note":"The clearest empirical test of market socialism, and evidence that economic decentralisation can coexist with political monopoly.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: socially owned firms run by elected workers' councils competing in a market.","items":[{"t":"The 1950 law on workers' self-management transferred enterprise governance to elected councils.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: secular and modernising with a conservative rural society.","items":[{"t":"Abortion was legalised early and constitutionalised as a right in 1974.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: a single party and a lifetime president, with open borders and no bloc discipline.","items":[{"t":"Tito was named president for life in 1974; Yugoslavs could travel and work abroad freely.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a genuinely federal state with republics holding substantial power after 1974.","items":[{"t":"The 1974 constitution devolved extensive authority to republics and autonomous provinces.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded at zero: brotherhood and unity as an explicit supra-ethnic doctrine.","items":[{"t":"Yugoslav nationality was available as a census category and ethnic quotas balanced federal appointments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +5: founded in partisan war and sustained by a single party.","items":[{"t":"Power was won through armed resistance between 1941 and 1945 without Soviet occupation.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"eurocomm","n":"Eurocommunism","aka":"PCI, PCE, PCF","yr":"1968–1991","pl":"Italy, Spain, France","region":"Europe","countries":["France","Italy","Spain"],"fam":"Communist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-8,-6,-4,2,-7,-3],"core":"Communist goals pursued inside parliamentary democracy, with an explicit break from the Soviet model.","econ":"Nationalisation of key sectors, planning alongside markets, strong union power.","org":"Multi-party democracy, civil liberties, alternation in office accepted in advance.","note":"Coded far from Leninism on authority and method while remaining close on economics — the same split as Menshevism sixty years earlier.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: nationalisation and planning within a market and a democracy.","items":[{"t":"The PCI's historic compromise of 1973 proposed governing with the Christian Democrats.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: secular and socially liberal, against the church in Italy and Spain.","items":[{"t":"The PCI supported the 1974 divorce referendum and the 1978 abortion law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: the explicit break from the Soviet model.","items":[{"t":"Berlinguer publicly repudiated Soviet intervention after the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia and again in 1981 over Poland.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: national roads to socialism inside existing states.","items":[{"t":"Berlinguer's historic compromise was addressed to Italian institutions, not to an international.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: internationalist while rejecting Soviet direction.","items":[{"t":"The 1977 Madrid declaration by the Italian, French and Spanish parties asserted independence from Moscow.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: parliamentary and coalitional throughout.","items":[{"t":"The PCE accepted the monarchy and the 1978 constitution during the Spanish transition.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"brezhnev","n":"Soviet Bureaucratic Socialism","aka":"Brezhnev era","yr":"1964–1985","pl":"USSR","region":"Europe","countries":["Russia","USSR"],"fam":"Communist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-10,4,9,10,2,-6],"core":"Stability of cadres, guaranteed employment and subsidised necessities, in exchange for total political passivity.","econ":"Comprehensive central planning, no private enterprise, chronic shortage economy, large arms sector.","org":"Party monopoly, no lawful dissent, psychiatric and penal repression of critics — but mass terror abandoned.","note":"Its very low score on the change axis is the point: by this stage the regime was the establishment it once overthrew.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor: comprehensive planning with no legal private enterprise.","items":[{"t":"Private economic activity remained criminal; the second economy operated illegally at scale.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: a conservative social order under a nominally revolutionary doctrine.","items":[{"t":"Homosexuality remained criminal; religious practice was restricted; the family was celebrated in official culture.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: party monopoly with terror replaced by administrative and psychiatric sanction.","items":[{"t":"Article 6 of the 1977 constitution named the party the leading force of society.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Dissidents were confined in psychiatric hospitals under diagnoses created for the purpose.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the ceiling: union-wide planning with republics as administrative units.","items":[{"t":"Ministries in Moscow directed enterprises across all fifteen republics.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: formal internationalism alongside Russification and restrictions on Jewish emigration.","items":[{"t":"Russian was required in higher education across the republics; emigration required exit visas routinely refused.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded strongly negative, which surprises readers: by this stage the regime was defending an order, not overthrowing one.","items":[{"t":"Mass terror was abandoned after 1953 and replaced with career sanction, exile and psychiatric detention.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1968 intervention in Czechoslovakia was framed explicitly as preserving the existing socialist order.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"juche","n":"Juche","aka":"Kimilsungism","yr":"1955–","pl":"North Korea","region":"Asia","countries":["Korea","North Korea"],"fam":"Communist / Dynastic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-10,9,10,10,10,-2],"core":"National self-reliance under a hereditary leader treated as the source of all social life; military-first priority.","econ":"Total state ownership and planning, near-autarky, chronic famine risk, unofficial markets tolerated.","org":"Hereditary succession, songbun caste system, prison camps, no autonomous institutions of any kind.","note":"Ranks at or near the ceiling on authority, centralisation and exclusion while remaining nominally communist — a hereditary monarchy with a Marxist vocabulary.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor. State ownership of everything, with unofficial markets tolerated because the ration system failed.","items":[{"t":"The public distribution system collapsed during the 1994–98 famine; jangmadang markets emerged and are now taxed rather than suppressed.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the traditional pole: a hereditary leader cult and a hierarchical social order with no autonomous association.","items":[{"t":"The Ten Principles for the Establishment of the One-Ideology System govern private conduct including speech within families.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling with hereditary succession, which no other communist state institutionalised.","items":[{"t":"Three hereditary successions since 1948.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The songbun system assigns life chances by inherited political classification.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the ceiling: no subordinate authority of any kind.","items":[{"t":"All administrative units execute central plans; travel between provinces requires a permit.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded at the ceiling on the strength of the inherited caste classification and racial-national doctrine.","items":[{"t":"Songbun classification is inherited through the paternal line and governs residence, education and rations.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded negative: the regime has been the established order for three generations and its doctrine is preservation.","items":[{"t":"Juche is presented as a completed system requiring defence rather than as a programme requiring transformation.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"khmerrouge","n":"Khmer Rouge","aka":"Democratic Kampuchea","yr":"1975–1979","pl":"Cambodia","region":"Asia","countries":["Cambodia"],"fam":"Communist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-10,3,10,10,9,10],"core":"Total agrarian communism achieved instantly by emptying cities and abolishing money, markets, schools and family life.","econ":"Money and private property abolished outright; forced agricultural labour; mass starvation.","org":"An anonymous party centre, extermination of educated and minority populations, no institutions whatsoever.","note":"Occupies the extreme of five of six axes simultaneously — the outer boundary of the measurable space.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at the floor. Money and markets were abolished in fact, not only in doctrine.","items":[{"t":"Currency was abolished and the central bank destroyed in 1975.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Cities were emptied within days of the takeover and the population placed in agricultural labour.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded mildly positive: marriage assigned by the party and religion abolished, within a rigid new hierarchy.","items":[{"t":"Marriages were arranged in mass ceremonies by cadres; Buddhism was abolished and monks defrocked.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: an anonymous party centre with no institutions of any kind.","items":[{"t":"The party's existence was not publicly acknowledged until 1977, two years into its rule.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the ceiling: total central control executed through zone administrations.","items":[{"t":"The country was divided into zones whose leaderships were themselves purged by the centre.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: ethnic and class categories determined survival.","items":[{"t":"Cham Muslim, Vietnamese and Chinese minorities were killed at far higher rates than the general population.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the ceiling: total transformation attempted in under four years.","items":[{"t":"Year Zero was declared and the calendar, currency, cities and schooling abolished within weeks of taking power.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"castroism","n":"Castroism","aka":"Cuban Communism","yr":"1959–","pl":"Cuba","region":"Americas","countries":["Cuba"],"fam":"Communist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-9,-1,9,9,0,7],"core":"Anti-imperial national sovereignty plus socialist transformation, led by a guerrilla-derived party-state.","econ":"State ownership of nearly all production, universal free health care and education, rationing, limited private licences since 2011.","org":"Single legal party, no independent press or unions, elections without competing parties.","note":"Rates far higher on social provision and far higher on political monopoly than almost any democratic left party — two facts routinely used to prove opposite conclusions.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −9: state ownership of nearly all production with limited private licences since 2011.","items":[{"t":"Around 500 categories of self-employment were legalised from 2011 and expanded in 2021.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −1: universal education and health alongside decades of persecution of homosexuals, later reversed.","items":[{"t":"Gay men were sent to UMAP labour camps in the 1960s; same-sex marriage was legalised by referendum in 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: a single legal party with no competing candidates.","items":[{"t":"The constitution names the Communist Party the superior guiding force of society and the state.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: unitary central planning with provincial administration.","items":[{"t":"Provincial assemblies execute national plans and have no independent revenue.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded at zero: explicit internationalism and anti-racism doctrine with a Cuban national frame.","items":[{"t":"Sent hundreds of thousands of troops and medical personnel to Africa and Latin America from 1963.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +7: power won by guerrilla insurrection.","items":[{"t":"The government was overthrown by armed struggle in January 1959.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sandinista","n":"Sandinismo","aka":"FSLN","yr":"1979–1990, 2007–","pl":"Nicaragua","region":"Americas","countries":["Nicaragua"],"fam":"Socialist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,1,7,5,1,6],"core":"National liberation, mixed economy, literacy and land reform under a revolutionary vanguard.","econ":"Land redistribution, nationalised banking and foreign trade, a substantial retained private sector.","org":"Revolutionary junta, then competitive elections lost in 1990 and conceded; the post-2007 government has dismantled term limits, opposition parties and press.","note":"Coded here for the post-2007 period. The same organisation would have been coded very differently in 1985 — an argument for coding organisations by period.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: mixed economy with land reform and nationalised banking.","items":[{"t":"Land reform redistributed around a third of arable land; banking and foreign trade were nationalised in 1979.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: a literacy crusade alongside a Catholic social frame.","items":[{"t":"The 1980 literacy campaign cut illiteracy from around 50% to 13% in five months; abortion was fully criminalised in 2006.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: coded to the post-2007 period, not the 1980s.","items":[{"t":"Opposition parties were stripped of legal status and seven presidential contenders arrested before the 2021 election.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1990 election was lost and power transferred, which is why the 1980s coordinate would be far lower.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: centralised administration with regional autonomy statutes on the Atlantic coast.","items":[{"t":"Autonomy statutes were granted to the Caribbean coast regions in 1987.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: nationalist with a record of conflict with the Miskito on the Atlantic coast.","items":[{"t":"Miskito communities were forcibly relocated in 1982; autonomy statutes followed in 1987.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: power taken by insurrection in 1979.","items":[{"t":"The Somoza dictatorship was overthrown by armed struggle after a two-year offensive.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nasserism","n":"Nasserism","aka":"Arab socialism","yr":"1954–1970","pl":"Egypt","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Egypt"],"fam":"Nationalist / Socialist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,3,9,9,6,5],"core":"Pan-Arab unity, non-alignment, land reform and state-led development under a military leader.","econ":"Nationalised Suez Canal, banks and industry; land ceilings; free education; a huge public sector.","org":"Single party, dissolved parliament, military intelligence dominance, suppression of Islamists and communists alike.","note":"The most influential template for post-colonial authoritarian development in the Arab world.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: land ceilings, nationalised industry and free education.","items":[{"t":"The Suez Canal Company was nationalised in 1956; land ownership was capped and industry nationalised from 1961.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: secular modernisation with religious institutions brought under state control.","items":[{"t":"Al-Azhar was nationalised in 1961; the Muslim Brotherhood was banned and its leaders executed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: a single legal party and dissolved parliament.","items":[{"t":"Political parties were abolished in 1953 and replaced by successive single organisations.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: a centralised state pursuing pan-Arab union.","items":[{"t":"The United Arab Republic with Syria was declared in 1958 and administered from Cairo.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: pan-Arab nationalism with the expulsion of Jewish and other minority communities.","items":[{"t":"Most of Egypt's Jewish and Greek communities left between 1956 and 1967 under pressure and sequestration.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +5: power taken by military coup in 1952.","items":[{"t":"The Free Officers deposed the monarchy in July 1952 and abolished it the following year.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nkrumah","n":"Nkrumahism","aka":"Consciencism","yr":"1957–1966","pl":"Ghana, Pan-Africa","region":"Africa","countries":["Ghana"],"fam":"Anti-colonial / Socialist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-7,-2,8,7,3,5],"core":"Continental African unity and rapid industrialisation to escape neocolonial dependence.","econ":"State corporations, marketing boards, large infrastructure projects, import substitution.","org":"One-party state from 1964, preventive detention, president for life; overthrown by coup.","note":"A recurring post-colonial trajectory: genuine liberation legitimacy converted into single-party rule within a decade.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: state corporations, marketing boards and the Volta dam.","items":[{"t":"Cocoa marketing was monopolised by a state board and used to fund industrialisation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: mass education and modernisation with a personality cult.","items":[{"t":"Free compulsory primary education was introduced in 1961; the leader was styled Osagyefo.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: a one-party state with preventive detention.","items":[{"t":"The Preventive Detention Act of 1958 permitted five-year detention without trial; a one-party state was declared in 1964.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: continental unification as the central objective.","items":[{"t":"Founded the Organisation of African Unity in 1963 and campaigned for a union government of Africa.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a Ghanaian and pan-African identity without an ancestral rule.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship was extended to African-descended settlers including W.E.B. Du Bois.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +5: independence by mass action, then rule by decree.","items":[{"t":"Positive action strikes in 1950 preceded electoral victory; the one-party state came by referendum in 1964.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ujamaa","n":"Ujamaa","aka":"Nyerere","yr":"1967–1985","pl":"Tanzania","region":"Africa","countries":["Tanzania"],"fam":"African Socialist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-8,1,7,6,-1,3],"core":"Socialism rooted in extended-family obligation rather than class war; self-reliance and rural equality.","econ":"Nationalised banks and industry, villagisation of the rural population, free primary schooling.","org":"One-party state with genuinely competitive intra-party elections and, unusually, a voluntary handover of power.","note":"Coded lower on authority than most one-party states because of contested candidacies and a peaceful presidential exit.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: nationalisation and villagisation of the rural population.","items":[{"t":"The 1967 Arusha Declaration nationalised banks and major industry; villagisation resettled several million people by 1976.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: mass literacy and a conservative social order.","items":[{"t":"Adult literacy rose from around 30% to over 80% between 1967 and 1985.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: a one-party state with competitive intra-party elections and a voluntary handover.","items":[{"t":"Voters chose between two candidates of the same party in constituency elections; the president resigned voluntarily in 1985.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: villagisation directed centrally.","items":[{"t":"Around five million people were resettled into planned villages between 1973 and 1976.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −1: a national identity built on Swahili rather than on ethnicity.","items":[{"t":"Swahili was made the national language and ethnic political organisation prohibited.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: transformation by administrative compulsion rather than by insurrection.","items":[{"t":"Villagisation was compulsory in practice though the doctrine described it as voluntary.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"gaullism","n":"Gaullism","aka":"","yr":"1958–1974","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[2,5,3,7,1,-4],"core":"National grandeur and independence, a strong executive above party squabbles, direct appeal to the people by referendum.","econ":"Indicative planning, nationalised utilities and banks, state-championed industry, participation schemes.","org":"Semi-presidential constitution with a directly elected president and weakened parliament.","note":"Economically far more statist than most contemporary left parties, which makes it an excellent calibration point for the economic axis over time.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: indicative planning and nationalised banking under a conservative government.","items":[{"t":"Renault, the major banks and the electricity and gas utilities remained in state ownership throughout.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: national grandeur and social traditionalism, with the contraception law of 1967.","items":[{"t":"The Neuwirth law legalising contraception passed in 1967 under a Gaullist majority.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: a constitution designed to strengthen the executive against the parties.","items":[{"t":"The 1962 referendum introduced direct presidential election against the objection of most parliamentarians.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a centralised republic with an independent nuclear force.","items":[{"t":"Withdrew from NATO's integrated command in 1966 while remaining in the alliance.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: civic republican citizenship, with Algerian independence conceded.","items":[{"t":"The 1962 Evian accords ended the war and the departmental status of Algeria.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: returned to power in a constitutional crisis and left it by referendum defeat.","items":[{"t":"Resigned in 1969 the day after losing a referendum he had staked his office on.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":3,"to":1,"why":"Civic-republican membership with a state that conceded Algerian independence rather than defend a settler franchise. The traditionalist cultural score was carrying the membership score."}]},{"id":"consensus","n":"Postwar Consensus","aka":"Butskellism","yr":"1945–1979","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Centrist Coalition","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-3,-1,-5,3,1,-8],"core":"A bipartisan settlement: full employment, mixed economy, national health service, and union recognition.","econ":"Nationalised coal, rail, steel, utilities; Keynesian demand management; universal health care.","org":"Parliamentary democracy with alternating parties committed to the same framework.","note":"Both major British parties of this era sit to the economic left of most parties now called left-wing.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: both major parties accepted the nationalised industries and the welfare state.","items":[{"t":"The 1944 employment white paper committed the state to maintaining high and stable employment.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Conservative governments after 1951 denationalised only steel and road haulage.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −1: socially conservative until the reforms of the 1960s.","items":[{"t":"Homosexuality was decriminalised and abortion legalised in 1967 by free vote.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: alternating parliamentary government with strong conventions.","items":[{"t":"Power changed hands six times between 1945 and 1979 without constitutional dispute.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national ownership and national health provision administered centrally.","items":[{"t":"The NHS was established as a national service in 1948 rather than a municipal one.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: Commonwealth citizenship extended and then progressively restricted.","items":[{"t":"The 1948 Nationality Act granted right of entry; acts of 1962, 1968 and 1971 removed it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: a bipartisan settlement neither party sought to overturn for three decades.","items":[{"t":"Conservative governments after 1951 retained the NHS and most nationalised industries.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"fusionism","n":"American Fusionist Conservatism","aka":"Buckley, Meyer","yr":"1955–2000","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"school","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[8,6,-4,-4,3,-6],"core":"Free markets, traditional morality and anti-communism fused into one movement; liberty as the political means to a virtuous end.","econ":"Deregulation, tax reduction, hostility to the administrative state, free trade.","org":"Constitutional originalism, federalism, strong national defence.","note":"Anti-statist on the domestic authority axis and strongly interventionist abroad — a tension the movement never fully resolved.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +8: free markets treated as morally rather than merely technically superior.","items":[{"t":"Frank Meyer's In Defense of Freedom argues liberty is the political precondition of virtue.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: traditional morality as the end that liberty serves.","items":[{"t":"National Review's founding statement in 1955 declared it stood athwart history yelling stop.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: constitutional originalism and limited federal power.","items":[{"t":"The Federalist Society, founded 1982, made originalism the movement's judicial method.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −4: federalism domestically, and interventionism abroad.","items":[{"t":"The tension between limited government at home and global containment abroad was never resolved.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a civic constitutional membership with a traditionalist cultural frame.","items":[{"t":"The movement's fights were over federal power and communism rather than over citizenship.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: change through elections, courts and institutions.","items":[{"t":"Built think tanks, journals and a judicial pipeline over four decades.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"neocon","n":"Neoconservatism","aka":"","yr":"1972–2008","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Liberal Hawk","t":"school","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[6,2,2,6,-2,3],"core":"Democratic universalism enforced by American power; regime change abroad as a moral duty.","econ":"Market economy with a retained welfare floor; explicitly not libertarian.","org":"Strong executive war powers, expansive national security apparatus, alliance-building.","note":"Originated with anti-Stalinist social democrats. Its universalist membership coding sits well left of the party it later dominated.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: market economy with a retained welfare floor, explicitly not libertarian.","items":[{"t":"Irving Kristol's 'two cheers for capitalism' formulation marked the distance from the libertarian right.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: cultural conservatism arrived at from a social democratic starting point.","items":[{"t":"Many founders were anti-Stalinist leftists who moved right over the 1960s social settlement.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: strong executive war powers within constitutional government.","items":[{"t":"The post-2001 expansion of surveillance and detention authority was defended on these grounds.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: alliance-building and intervention beyond the nation.","items":[{"t":"The 1997 Project for the New American Century statement called for a global military posture.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −2: democratic universalism as the doctrine's core claim.","items":[{"t":"The stated premise is that democratic rights are universal rather than culturally specific.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: regime change by force as an accepted instrument.","items":[{"t":"The 2003 Iraq invasion was the doctrine's principal application and its principal test.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"thatcherism","n":"Thatcherism","aka":"","yr":"1979–1990","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Neoliberal Conservative","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[9,6,2,5,3,3],"core":"Roll back the state, break union power, sell public assets, restore the authority of law, order and family.","econ":"Privatisation of utilities and housing, monetarism, deregulation of finance, deep cuts to industrial subsidy.","org":"Parliamentary democracy but strongly centralising: abolished the metropolitan councils and capped local government.","note":"Economically decentralising and administratively centralising at once. A single left–right number cannot record that.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Deep privatisation and financial deregulation places this near the market pole.","items":[{"t":"Telecoms, gas, water, electricity, steel and airports were sold between 1984 and 1990.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Council housing was sold to tenants at statutory discounts from 1980.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: an explicit programme of moral restoration alongside the economic one.","items":[{"t":"Section 28, enacted in 1988, prohibited local authorities from promoting homosexuality.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: parliamentary throughout, with a sharply strengthened central executive.","items":[{"t":"Trade union legislation between 1980 and 1990 progressively restricted secondary action and required ballots.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded positive on centralisation despite the economic decentralisation, which is the instructive part of the entry.","items":[{"t":"The Greater London Council and the six metropolitan county councils were abolished in 1986.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Local authority rate-setting was capped from 1984.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: the 1981 Act redefined citizenship and ended automatic birthright.","items":[{"t":"The British Nationality Act 1981 abolished unconditional jus soli.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: constitutional in method and deliberately confrontational in execution.","items":[{"t":"The 1984–85 miners' strike was prepared for by stockpiling coal in advance.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"SC","from":4,"to":5,"why":"Raised. Abolishing the metropolitan authorities and capping local rates moved decision-making to Westminster more decisively than the original score recorded, and the entry exists partly to demonstrate that economic decentralisation and administrative centralisation are different axes."}]},{"id":"neolib","n":"Neoliberalism","aka":"Mont Pèlerin, Chicago","yr":"1947–","pl":"International","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Neoliberal","t":"school","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[9,1,-2,2,-2,-2],"core":"Market competition as the organising principle of policy, insulated from democratic interference by rules and independent institutions.","econ":"Privatisation, liberalised trade and capital flows, independent central banks, fiscal rules, targeted rather than universal welfare.","org":"Constitutional and treaty constraints that remove economic policy from ordinary majority decision.","note":"Contested as a self-description: almost nobody applies the label to themselves, which makes it unusually vulnerable to being used as an insult rather than a measurement.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Far market pole on doctrine, with the important caveat that most named exponents rejected pure laissez-faire.","items":[{"t":"The 1947 Mont Pèlerin statement of aims defends the market order and also the rule of law and a competitive framework.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded near neutral: the tradition is deliberately agnostic on social questions and its exponents divided sharply.","items":[{"t":"Hayek and Friedman opposed conscription and drug prohibition; other Mont Pèlerin members were social conservatives.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded slightly negative: the doctrine constrains majorities through rules and independent bodies, which disperses rather than concentrates authority.","items":[{"t":"Central bank independence, fiscal rules and treaty commitments remove decisions from ordinary majority revision.","k":"schol"},{"t":"This is delegation, not concentration; the entry for technocratic centrism is coded positive on the same reasoning and separates the two.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded mildly central: supranational rules and treaty commitments are a central instrument.","items":[{"t":"Trade and investment liberalisation operates through binding multilateral agreement.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded mildly universalist: free movement of capital, goods and, for most exponents, labour.","items":[{"t":"Friedman and Hayek both defended open immigration in principle, with Friedman qualifying it against a welfare state.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded mildly incremental in doctrine, with a record of implementation by shock.","items":[{"t":"Rapid liberalisation programmes in Chile, Bolivia and post-communist Europe were designed as deliberate discontinuities.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pinochet","n":"Pinochet Regime","aka":"","yr":"1973–1990","pl":"Chile","region":"Americas","countries":["Chile"],"fam":"Neoliberal Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[9,8,10,7,5,4],"core":"Free-market restructuring imposed by a military junta after the violent overthrow of an elected government.","econ":"Privatised pensions, health, education and state firms; opened trade; deep deregulation under the Chicago-trained economists.","org":"Military dictatorship, dissolved parliament, banned parties, disappearances and torture.","note":"The pairing of maximal economic liberty with maximal political unfreedom is the single most decisive case against collapsing the two axes into one.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Among the deepest market liberalisations attempted anywhere, executed under a military government.","items":[{"t":"Pensions were transferred to private individual accounts in 1981.","k":"rec"},{"t":"State enterprises, health and schooling were privatised or voucherised through the late 1970s and 1980s.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Social order restored by decree alongside the economic liberalisation.","items":[{"t":"The 1980 constitution was drafted by an appointed commission and ratified under a state of siege with no electoral register.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Abortion, legal in some circumstances since 1931, was banned outright in 1989.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling. Congress dissolved, parties banned, opposition disappeared.","items":[{"t":"Congress was dissolved and parties banned by decree after the September 1973 coup.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Rettig and Valech commissions documented over three thousand killed or disappeared and tens of thousands tortured.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Municipal government converted into an appointment system, with schooling and health devolved to it.","items":[{"t":"Mayors were appointed by the junta while schools and clinics were transferred to municipal administration in 1981.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded moderately positive: membership defined by political loyalty rather than ancestry.","items":[{"t":"Exile by decree was used against thousands of citizens, and nationality was stripped from some opponents.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded positive but below the interwar cases: a single seizure followed by seventeen years of institutionalised rule.","items":[{"t":"Power was taken by aerial bombardment of the presidential palace in September 1973.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The regime accepted the result of the 1988 plebiscite and left office in 1990, which holds the score down.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"newleft","n":"The New Left","aka":"","yr":"1956–1975","pl":"US, Europe","region":"Transnational","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Libertarian Socialist","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-7,-9,-7,-5,-8,4],"core":"Liberation rather than administration: participatory democracy, anti-imperialism, cultural revolt against bureaucratic society.","econ":"Community control, cooperatives, opposition to both corporate capitalism and Soviet planning.","org":"Participatory democracy, consensus decision-making, hostility to hierarchy including in its own organisations.","note":"Explicitly rejected the old left's economics-first framing, which is why it lands at the far corner of the cultural axis rather than the economic one.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: community control and cooperatives against both corporate capitalism and Soviet planning.","items":[{"t":"The Port Huron Statement (1962) criticises both systems as bureaucratic.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the liberal pole: liberation rather than administration.","items":[{"t":"The statement's opening concerns are racial injustice and the bomb, not wage bargaining.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: participatory democracy as the founding demand.","items":[{"t":"Port Huron calls for decisions to be made by those affected by them.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −5: community and campus as the units of action.","items":[{"t":"Organising was neighbourhood and university based rather than national.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −8: anti-imperialist and internationalist.","items":[{"t":"Opposition to the Vietnam war was framed as solidarity rather than as national interest.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: mass direct action, with a small faction turning to bombing.","items":[{"t":"The Weather Underground split in 1969 and was repudiated by most of the movement.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"blackpanther","n":"Black Panther Party","aka":"","yr":"1966–1982","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Revolutionary Socialist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-8,-7,-1,-6,2,7],"core":"Armed self-defence, community survival programmes, and revolutionary socialism against racialised policing and poverty.","econ":"Community control of institutions, free breakfast and clinic programmes, socialisation of major industry.","org":"Community control of police and services; a centralised party structure over a decentralised base.","note":"Combined a universalist class analysis with a particularist organising base, which pulls its exclusion score toward the middle.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: the Ten-Point Program demanded full employment and community control of the means of production.","items":[{"t":"Point three demanded an end to the robbery of the black community by capitalists.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: free breakfast, clinics and schools alongside armed self-defence.","items":[{"t":"The Free Breakfast for Children programme fed tens of thousands of children daily by 1969.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: community control of police alongside a centralised party structure.","items":[{"t":"The Ten-Point Program demanded community control of police through neighbourhood decision.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: community control of institutions as the organising demand.","items":[{"t":"The Ten-Point Program demands community control of police, education and housing.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: a universalist class analysis organised on a particularist base.","items":[{"t":"The party formed the Rainbow Coalition with poor white and Puerto Rican organisations in 1969.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +7: armed self-defence as the founding practice.","items":[{"t":"Armed patrols monitoring police were the party's original activity; COINTELPRO surveillance and raids followed.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"civilrights","n":"Civil Rights Movement","aka":"SCLC, SNCC","yr":"1954–1968","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Emancipatory","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-3,-7,-6,2,-9,0],"core":"Full legal and political equality regardless of race, pursued through disciplined non-violent civil disobedience and federal law.","econ":"Later phases added an explicit poverty and jobs programme; the early phase was legal-political.","org":"Used federal power against state governments — centralising in means, liberating in effect.","note":"Illustrates that centralising authority and expanding freedom can be the same act, depending on which level was doing the repressing.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: legal-political in the early phase, with a jobs and poverty programme later.","items":[{"t":"The 1963 march was for Jobs and Freedom; the 1968 Poor People's Campaign made the economic demand central.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: full legal and social equality regardless of race.","items":[{"t":"The Civil Rights Act 1964 ended segregation in public accommodation and employment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: rights enforced against state governments.","items":[{"t":"Federal power was used against state legislatures, which is centralising in means and liberating in effect.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: federal enforcement over state jurisdiction.","items":[{"t":"The Voting Rights Act 1965 placed named states under federal preclearance.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the universalist pole: race declared an illegitimate criterion for membership.","items":[{"t":"The Fifteenth Amendment was made effective in practice for the first time in 1965.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: disciplined non-violent civil disobedience.","items":[{"t":"The Letter from Birmingham Jail sets out the case for breaking unjust laws openly and accepting the penalty.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"secondwave","n":"Second-Wave Feminism","aka":"","yr":"1963–1985","pl":"Global North","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Emancipatory","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-3,-9,-4,1,-7,1],"core":"Equality in law, work, reproduction and the household; the private sphere treated as political.","econ":"Equal pay, childcare provision, recognition of unwaged domestic labour; no single ownership model.","org":"Consciousness-raising groups, litigation, statutory equality bodies.","note":"Occupies an extreme on the cultural axis while spanning nearly the whole economic axis internally.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: equal pay and childcare, with no single ownership model.","items":[{"t":"The movement spanned liberal, socialist and radical currents with incompatible economics.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the liberal pole: the private sphere treated as political.","items":[{"t":"The Feminine Mystique (1963) and the slogan 'the personal is political' defined the frame.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: litigation, statutory bodies and consciousness-raising groups.","items":[{"t":"Title IX in 1972 and the Equal Pay Acts were the legislative instruments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: national legislation with autonomous local organising.","items":[{"t":"Consciousness-raising groups were deliberately leaderless and local.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: sex removed as a criterion of legal personhood.","items":[{"t":"Married women obtained independent credit and property rights across this period.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: legislative and cultural, with disruptive direct action.","items":[{"t":"The 1970 Miss World protest and similar actions were the movement's public method.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"greens","n":"Green Politics","aka":"Die Grünen founding","yr":"1980–","pl":"Germany, worldwide","region":"Transnational","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Green","t":"party","pw":2,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-5,-9,-7,-1,-8,-2],"core":"Ecology, grassroots democracy, social justice and non-violence as four inseparable pillars.","econ":"Ecological regulation of markets, public investment, opposition to growth as an objective.","org":"Rotation of officeholders, imperative mandates, referenda, deep suspicion of professional politics.","note":"The party family that most clearly required a second axis: its economics are moderate, its cultural and authority positions are not.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: ecological regulation and public investment rather than socialisation.","items":[{"t":"The 1980 founding programme rejected both capitalist growth and state socialism.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −9: the party emerged from the new social movements and carried their positions wholesale.","items":[{"t":"Founding programme committed to gender parity, minority rights and abolition of the abortion statute.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: grassroots democracy is one of the four founding pillars.","items":[{"t":"Office rotation and the imperative mandate were practised in the party's first Bundestag period.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −1: think globally, act locally, with binding international agreement.","items":[{"t":"The founding programme combined municipal action with global ecological obligation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −8: refugee rights and open borders as founding commitments.","items":[{"t":"The 1980 programme demanded the right of asylum without restriction.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: non-violence is a founding pillar, with a movement history of direct action.","items":[{"t":"The party grew out of anti-nuclear occupations that used mass civil disobedience.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":{"link":1980,"pts":[{"y":1980,"a":[-5,-9,-7,-1,-8,-2],"note":"Founding congress: four pillars, office rotation, imperative mandates, and a pacifist commitment."},{"y":1998,"a":[-4,-9,-6,0,-8,-3],"note":"Enters federal government and votes for the Kosovo deployment the following year."},{"y":2011,"a":[-4,-9,-6,0,-8,-4],"note":"Wins the minister-presidency of Baden-Württemberg."},{"y":2021,"a":[-4,-8,-6,1,-7,-5],"note":"Federal coalition; supports arms deliveries to Ukraine from 2022."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"solidarity","n":"Solidarność","aka":"Solidarity","yr":"1980–1989","pl":"Poland","region":"Europe","countries":["Poland"],"fam":"Democratic Opposition","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-3,4,-8,-4,3,2],"core":"An independent self-governing trade union demanding civil liberties against a communist state.","econ":"Worker self-management and social ownership initially; the movement split over markets after 1989.","org":"Free unions, free press, free elections, the rule of law, a self-governing republic.","note":"A workers' movement against a workers' state, Catholic and socialist at once — unreadable on a single axis.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: worker self-management and social ownership before the 1989 split over markets.","items":[{"t":"The 1981 programme demanded a self-governing republic with worker-managed enterprises.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: Catholic and socially conservative, with a labour base.","items":[{"t":"The movement's masses and the papal visits of 1979 and 1983 were constitutive of it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −8: free unions, free press and free elections against a party state.","items":[{"t":"The Gdańsk agreement of August 1980 legalised an independent union for the first time in the bloc.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −4: self-governing enterprises and regions.","items":[{"t":"The programme's title was 'Self-Governing Republic'.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a Polish Catholic national frame.","items":[{"t":"National and religious symbolism was central to the movement's public identity.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: strikes and negotiation, under martial law from 1981.","items":[{"t":"Martial law interned around 10,000 activists in December 1981; the Round Table talks followed in 1989.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"liberationtheo","n":"Liberation Theology","aka":"","yr":"1968–","pl":"Latin America","region":"Americas","countries":[],"fam":"Christian Socialist","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-7,-2,-5,-6,-6,3],"core":"A preferential option for the poor, with Christian faith read as a demand for structural change here and now.","econ":"Land reform, cooperatives, critique of dependency and of concentrated ownership.","org":"Base ecclesial communities: small, self-governing congregational units.","note":"Religiously traditional in source and socially radical in application, which splits its cultural coding.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: structural critique of ownership and dependency.","items":[{"t":"Gutiérrez's A Theology of Liberation (1971) frames poverty as a structural sin rather than a misfortune.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: religiously traditional in source and socially radical in application.","items":[{"t":"The Medellín conference of 1968 committed the Latin American church to the poor.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: base communities as small self-governing congregational units.","items":[{"t":"Comunidades eclesiales de base numbered in the tens of thousands in Brazil by the 1980s.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: the base community as the unit of action.","items":[{"t":"Authority runs from the congregation upward in the model.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: a preferential option for the poor as such.","items":[{"t":"The formulation is universal in address and particular in priority.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: divided over whether force was legitimate.","items":[{"t":"Camilo Torres joined a guerrilla group; Gutiérrez and Boff argued for non-violent structural change.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"khomeinism","n":"Khomeinism","aka":"Velayat-e faqih","yr":"1979–","pl":"Iran","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Iran"],"fam":"Islamist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-3,10,9,8,9,7],"core":"Guardianship of the jurist: sovereignty belongs to God and is exercised by a supreme clerical authority over an elected government.","econ":"Large nationalised sector, religious foundations controlling major assets, subsidies, sanctions-distorted markets.","org":"Elected president and parliament under an unelected supreme leader, guardian council vetting of candidates, revolutionary guard.","note":"A genuinely hybrid regime: real elections inside a hard theocratic ceiling. Coding it as simply 'a dictatorship' or simply 'a democracy' both lose information.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: very large state and foundation ownership alongside a private bazaar economy.","items":[{"t":"The bonyad religious foundations control a substantial share of non-oil GDP and report to the supreme leader.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: compulsory dress, gender segregation and clerical authority over personal law.","items":[{"t":"The 2022–23 protests followed a death in morality police custody and were met with mass arrests and executions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"A genuine hybrid: real contested elections inside a hard unelected ceiling. Coded 9 rather than 10 for that reason.","items":[{"t":"The Guardian Council vets all candidates and disqualified the majority of applicants in recent parliamentary cycles.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Supreme Leader is selected by an Assembly of Experts whose own candidates are vetted by the Guardian Council he appoints.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Presidential elections have produced genuine changes of governing faction, most recently in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: unitary clerical authority with appointed provincial representatives above elected councils.","items":[{"t":"The supreme leader appoints representatives in every province and in the armed forces.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: full membership requires adherence to the official confession.","items":[{"t":"Non-recognised religious minorities, notably Bahá'ís, are excluded from higher education and public employment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +7: founded in revolution and sustained by an armed body outside the ordinary state.","items":[{"t":"The Revolutionary Guard was created in 1979 as a parallel force answerable to the supreme leader.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ikhwan","n":"Muslim Brotherhood","aka":"Ikhwan","yr":"1928–","pl":"Egypt, worldwide","region":"Transnational","countries":["Egypt"],"fam":"Islamist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-1,9,5,3,6,1],"core":"Islam as a complete social order, built from below through education, charity and civic organisation.","econ":"Zakat-based welfare, small-business friendly, opposition to interest, extensive charitable networks.","org":"Historically contested the ballot where allowed; internally hierarchical with a general guide.","note":"Its authority coding is one of the most disputed in the dataset — banned as a terrorist organisation in some states and a legal party in others.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: zakat welfare and a small-trader base.","items":[{"t":"Clinics, schools and charitable networks were the movement's principal presence for decades.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: Islam as a complete social order.","items":[{"t":"Al-Banna's slogan names the Quran as constitution and jihad as way.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: contested elections where permitted, with a hierarchical cadre structure.","items":[{"t":"Won the 2011–12 Egyptian elections and was removed by coup in 2013; banned in several states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a national organisation within a pan-Islamic frame.","items":[{"t":"Branches operate nationally under a general guide with a transnational identity.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6 after the v2.2 review: confessional and conversion-open rather than ancestral.","items":[{"t":"The movement has organised across Arab, Turkish, South Asian and diaspora communities.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: gradual Islamisation from below, with a documented paramilitary history.","items":[{"t":"The Special Apparatus conducted assassinations in the 1940s; the movement later renounced violence.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":8,"to":6,"why":"Confessional tier. The movement's criterion is adherence, which is acquirable, and it has organised across national and ethnic lines throughout."}]},{"id":"wahhabimon","n":"Saudi Religious Monarchy","aka":"","yr":"1932–","pl":"Saudi Arabia","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Saudi Arabia"],"fam":"Traditionalist Monarchist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[5,10,10,7,9,-7],"core":"Dynastic rule legitimated by a strict religious establishment; no parties, no elections, no constitution other than scripture.","econ":"State oil monopoly funding vast transfers, private commerce, migrant labour under sponsorship.","org":"Absolute monarchy with an appointed consultative council; religious police historically enforcing conduct.","note":"Very close to the pre-1789 absolutist coordinate — a live reminder that the whole historical range remains occupied.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded mildly market: a state oil monopoly financing very large transfers alongside an otherwise private commercial economy.","items":[{"t":"Saudi Aramco remains majority state-owned with a minority public listing since 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: religious authority over public conduct, with substantial relaxation since 2017.","items":[{"t":"The driving ban on women was lifted in 2018 and the religious police lost arrest powers in 2016.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Male guardianship requirements were reduced from 2019 but not abolished.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"No constitution other than scripture, no parties, no elected national body.","items":[{"t":"The 1992 Basic Law names the Quran and the Sunnah as the constitution.","k":"prog"},{"t":"The Consultative Council is appointed, not elected, and cannot legislate.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: unitary dynastic rule with regional governorships held by family members.","items":[{"t":"Provincial governors are appointed from the ruling family.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: citizenship effectively closed, with a majority-foreign workforce under sponsorship.","items":[{"t":"The kafala sponsorship system tied migrant workers' legal status to employers; partial reform began in 2021.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded strongly negative in doctrine, with rapid top-down change in practice since 2017.","items":[{"t":"Vision 2030 has changed social policy faster than any period in the state's history, by decree rather than by consent.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pap","n":"Singapore Developmental State","aka":"PAP","yr":"1959–","pl":"Singapore","region":"Asia","countries":["Singapore"],"fam":"Technocratic Authoritarian","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[5,6,6,7,2,-6],"core":"Meritocratic technocratic administration, social discipline and openness to global capital, with permanent single-party dominance.","econ":"Very open trade and investment, state-owned holding companies, compulsory savings, public housing for eighty percent of citizens.","org":"Regular contested elections that the same party always wins; defamation suits and constituency rules that constrain opposition.","note":"Free markets and heavy state ownership at once, with contested but not free elections. A standing challenge to the idea that prosperity requires pluralism.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Very open trade and investment alongside majority state ownership of land and housing. Coded mildly market.","items":[{"t":"Around eighty percent of residents live in public housing built by the Housing Development Board.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Temasek and GIC hold state investment portfolios across the domestic economy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: a conservative social order maintained alongside economic openness.","items":[{"t":"Sex between men was decriminalised in 2022 and the constitution simultaneously amended to shield the marriage definition from challenge.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6 rather than higher: elections are genuinely contested and opposition candidates take seats.","items":[{"t":"Opposition parties have held parliamentary seats continuously since 1981 and won a group constituency in 2011.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Defamation actions against opposition figures and constituency boundary revision constrain competition.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a unitary city-state with no subordinate elected tier.","items":[{"t":"Town councils are administered by elected MPs, tying municipal services to constituency outcomes.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: multiracial by design, with ethnic quotas in housing and reserved presidential elections.","items":[{"t":"The Ethnic Integration Policy sets ethnic quotas in every public housing block.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: change through legislation and long-term planning.","items":[{"t":"Constitutional and policy change has been executed through parliamentary majority continuously since 1959.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"dengccp","n":"Deng-era CCP","aka":"Reform and opening","yr":"1978–2012","pl":"China","region":"Asia","countries":["China"],"fam":"Communist / Market","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[0,4,9,8,5,-4],"core":"Economic liberalisation without political liberalisation; the party retains a monopoly while markets allocate.","econ":"Household farming restored, private firms legalised, special economic zones, state banks and strategic industries retained.","org":"Single party with collective leadership, term limits and technocratic succession; Tiananmen as the boundary.","note":"Moved roughly ten points on the economic axis with almost no movement on the authority axis — the cleanest evidence the two are independent.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at 0 rather than negative: household farming, private firms and special economic zones existed alongside state banking and strategic industry.","items":[{"t":"The household responsibility system from 1978–83 returned farming decisions to families.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Private enterprise was constitutionally recognised in 1988 and property rights in 2004.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded moderately traditional: the one-child policy and continued suppression of independent religion, alongside cultural opening.","items":[{"t":"The one-child policy operated from 1980 with coercive enforcement.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Barely moved from the Mao-era score despite the economic traverse, which is the point of the entry.","items":[{"t":"Collective leadership and a two-term convention were institutionalised, which is the only reason this is 9 rather than 10.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1989 suppression established the boundary of the reform explicitly.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Highly centralised, with genuine fiscal experimentation devolved to provinces.","items":[{"t":"Special economic zones were licensed centrally and run as controlled provincial experiments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded moderately high: the hukou system assigns entitlements by registered origin.","items":[{"t":"Household registration ties schooling, health and housing rights to place of registration rather than residence.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded negative: explicit repudiation of permanent revolution in favour of gradualism.","items":[{"t":"'Crossing the river by feeling the stones' was the stated method of the reform period.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nehru","n":"Nehruvian Socialism","aka":"","yr":"1947–1977","pl":"India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,-4,-2,5,-6,-5],"core":"A secular, democratic, planned republic pursuing industrial self-reliance and non-alignment.","econ":"Five-year plans, licensing of private industry, public sector commanding heights, land ceilings.","org":"Parliamentary federal democracy with an independent judiciary and free press.","note":"Demonstrates that comprehensive economic planning is compatible with a genuinely competitive democracy.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: planning commission targets and licensing of private industry.","items":[{"t":"The 1956 Industrial Policy Resolution reserved seventeen industries to the state.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: the Hindu Code Bills reformed personal law against strong opposition.","items":[{"t":"The Hindu Marriage and Succession Acts of 1955–56 permitted divorce and gave daughters inheritance rights.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: a genuinely competitive democracy with a dominant party.","items":[{"t":"Opposition parties held state governments from 1957, including an elected communist government in Kerala.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: a strong centre with state governments under Article 356.","items":[{"t":"President's rule was imposed on state governments repeatedly under Article 356.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: constitutional secularism with reserved representation for scheduled castes and tribes.","items":[{"t":"The 1950 constitution guaranteed freedom of religion and abolished untouchability.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: transformation through planning and legislation.","items":[{"t":"The constitution and the plans were the instruments; the Congress won every general election of the period.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"hindutva","n":"Hindutva","aka":"RSS","yr":"1925–","pl":"India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"Ethnic Nationalist","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[3,9,6,6,9,0],"core":"India as the homeland of a Hindu civilisational nation; cultural nationalism defining who genuinely belongs.","econ":"Historically swadeshi self-reliance; in practice now pro-business with large welfare transfers.","org":"A disciplined cadre organisation outside electoral politics, supplying personnel and doctrine to parties and civic bodies.","note":"An ideology rather than a party, which is why it is coded separately from the party that carries it into government.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: swadeshi self-reliance in doctrine, pro-business in practice.","items":[{"t":"The Swadeshi Jagran Manch continues to oppose foreign retail entry from within the movement.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: a Hindu civilisational nation as the organising claim.","items":[{"t":"Savarkar's Hindutva (1923) defines the nation by holy land and fatherland coinciding.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: a disciplined cadre organisation outside electoral politics.","items":[{"t":"The RSS supplies personnel and doctrine to parties and civic bodies without contesting elections itself.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a unitary national culture against regional and linguistic particularism.","items":[{"t":"Hindi promotion and a uniform civil code are long-standing commitments.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: membership defined by whether the holy land coincides with the fatherland.","items":[{"t":"Savarkar's criterion excludes Muslims and Christians by construction.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: cultural transformation over generations rather than seizure.","items":[{"t":"The organisation's stated method is daily shakha training rather than political action.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ancap","n":"Anarcho-Capitalism","aka":"Rothbard","yr":"1970–","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Libertarian","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[10,1,-10,-10,-2,3],"core":"All state functions including courts, police and defence should be supplied competitively on the market; taxation is theft.","econ":"Absolute private property, no central bank, no regulation, commodity money, contract as the only legitimate obligation.","org":"No state; private arbitration agencies and defence firms bound by voluntary contract.","note":"The mirror image of anarcho-communism: same extreme on authority, opposite extreme on economics. Their existence disproves the one-line model on its own.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the ceiling. Every function including law and defence is to be supplied by contract.","items":[{"t":"Rothbard's For a New Liberty treats taxation as theft without qualification and proposes private courts and defence agencies.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded near neutral: the doctrine is silent on social order, holding that any arrangement may be contracted.","items":[{"t":"Rothbard's framework derives all obligations from property and contract, with no substantive social prescription.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the floor with anarcho-communism, from the opposite economic pole. The pairing is the strongest single refutation of the one-dimensional model.","items":[{"t":"Both traditions reject the state as such; they differ by nineteen points on the economic axis.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the floor with anarcho-communism: no unit above voluntary association.","items":[{"t":"Defence, adjudication and law are supplied by competing firms serving individual clients.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded mildly universalist: membership is contractual, though the tradition splits on covenant communities.","items":[{"t":"Free immigration follows from the framework; some later writers argue the opposite from property rights.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded mildly positive: education and secession rather than force, but with an explicit right of resistance.","items":[{"t":"Strategy is framed as withdrawal, secession and non-compliance rather than seizure of the state.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"minarch","n":"Minarchist Libertarianism","aka":"Nozick, LP","yr":"1971–","pl":"United States, worldwide","region":"Transnational","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Libertarian","t":"party","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[10,-3,-8,-7,-4,-3],"core":"A night-watchman state limited to police, courts and defence; maximum personal and economic freedom otherwise.","econ":"Free markets, abolition of most regulation and welfare, sound money, open trade.","org":"Strict constitutional limits, strong federalism, civil liberties including drug legalisation and free speech absolutism.","note":"Coded socially permissive and economically far right, a combination that a single line always misrepresents.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the market pole: police, courts and defence only.","items":[{"t":"Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) derives a night-watchman state and no more.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: socially permissive by construction.","items":[{"t":"US Libertarian Party platform has supported drug legalisation, same-sex marriage and free expression since the 1970s.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −8: strict constitutional limits and civil liberties.","items":[{"t":"The US party platform has opposed surveillance, conscription and drug prohibition since 1972.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −7: strong federalism and secession sympathies.","items":[{"t":"Platform commitments to devolve nearly all federal functions to states or individuals.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: open immigration in platform terms.","items":[{"t":"Platform supports free movement of people across borders subject only to criminal exclusion.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: electoral and educational, with an explicit non-aggression principle.","items":[{"t":"The non-aggression principle is a membership requirement of the US party.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"objectivism","n":"Objectivism","aka":"Rand","yr":"1957–","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Libertarian","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[10,1,-7,-5,-3,-2],"core":"Rational self-interest as a moral duty; altruism and collectivism as the root of political evil.","econ":"Laissez-faire capitalism defended as a moral rather than merely efficient system.","org":"Constitutional government confined to protecting individual rights; explicitly opposed to anarchism.","note":"Culturally secular and atheist while economically far right — regularly conflated with religious conservatism it explicitly rejected.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the ceiling: laissez-faire defended as a moral system.","items":[{"t":"Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal argues the case on ethical rather than efficiency grounds.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: atheist and secular, and socially conventional in most respects.","items":[{"t":"Rand attacked religion explicitly and is regularly conflated with the religious right she rejected.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: constitutional government confined to protecting individual rights, and explicitly not anarchism.","items":[{"t":"Rand attacked anarcho-capitalism directly, arguing that force must be placed under objective law.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −5: a minimal national government.","items":[{"t":"Only police, courts and defence are legitimate functions in the doctrine.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: individualist and anti-collectivist by construction.","items":[{"t":"Group identity of any kind is treated as an error in the doctrine.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: persuasion and cultural change rather than political action.","items":[{"t":"Rand held that philosophy had to change before politics could.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"menemism","n":"Menemism","aka":"Peronist neoliberalism","yr":"1989–1999","pl":"Argentina","region":"Americas","countries":["Argentina"],"fam":"Neoliberal Populist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[8,4,6,4,2,-1],"core":"Peronism turned inside out: the movement of the shirtless masses used to privatise the state and peg the currency to the dollar.","econ":"Privatised oil, telecoms, airlines, rail and pensions; currency board convertibility; opened trade; ended in the 2001 collapse.","org":"Elected, then amended the constitution to allow re-election, expanded the supreme court, and governed extensively by decree.","note":"Governed under exactly the same party banner as Kirchnerism and sits fourteen points away from it on the economic axis. The single most useful entry in the dataset for showing that a movement name is not a position.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Same party banner, opposite economic coordinate. This entry exists to make that legible.","items":[{"t":"YPF, Aerolíneas Argentinas, telecoms, rail and pensions were privatised between 1990 and 1994.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1991 Convertibility Law pegged the peso to the dollar by statute.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded mildly traditional: a Catholic social frame alongside the market programme.","items":[{"t":"A constitutional amendment attempt to entrench a right to life from conception was pursued in 1994.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded positive on constitutional change to permit re-election and expansion of the supreme court.","items":[{"t":"The supreme court was expanded from five to nine members in 1990.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1994 constitutional reform permitted presidential re-election.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded mildly central: provincial finances subordinated through federal transfers and bailouts.","items":[{"t":"Provincial banks were privatised and provinces bound to federal fiscal agreements.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded mildly positive with no ascriptive criterion.","items":[{"t":"Immigration policy was liberalised for Mercosur nationals during the period.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded near neutral: elected and governing extensively by necessity decree.","items":[{"t":"Over five hundred necessity and urgency decrees were issued in ten years.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"thirdway","n":"Third Way","aka":"New Labour, New Democrats","yr":"1992–2010","pl":"UK, US, Germany","region":"Transnational","countries":["Britain","Germany","United States"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"school","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,-4,-3,4,-4,-8],"core":"Accept the market settlement, invest the proceeds in public services, and compete for the centre ground.","econ":"Independent central bank, light-touch financial regulation, private finance for public projects, tax credits, minimum wage.","org":"Parliamentary democracy with strong executive centralisation and heavy reliance on advisers and targets.","note":"Sits to the economic right of the postwar conservative parties in the same countries — a useful check on the assumption that parties keep their positions.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: to the economic right of the postwar conservative parties in the same countries.","items":[{"t":"Bank of England independence in 1997, PFI for public investment, and no renationalisation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: socially liberal reform without confronting the electorate on it.","items":[{"t":"Civil partnerships, the Human Rights Act and repeal of Section 28 all passed in this period.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: constitutional in method and heavily reliant on advisers and targets.","items":[{"t":"The Human Rights Act 1998 and Bank of England independence were both constitutional constraints adopted voluntarily.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: strong executive centralisation with devolution as the exception.","items":[{"t":"The UK version created devolved parliaments and simultaneously concentrated Whitehall control through targets and units.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: civic and cosmopolitan, with rising restriction on asylum.","items":[{"t":"The UK opened labour migration from the 2004 accession states without transitional controls.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: incrementalism raised to a governing philosophy.","items":[{"t":"Giddens' The Third Way (1998) frames the project as modernising social democracy within the market settlement.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"putinism","n":"Putinism","aka":"United Russia, sovereign democracy","yr":"2000–","pl":"Russia","region":"Europe","countries":["Russia"],"fam":"National Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,9,10,9,8,-3],"core":"A strong personalised state restoring great-power status, with traditional values against a decadent West.","econ":"State-dominated energy and banking, oligarchic private ownership contingent on loyalty, market prices, low flat taxes.","org":"Elections held without genuine competition, opposition figures imprisoned or dead, press and courts controlled, no term constraint.","note":"Economically to the right of most European social democracies while institutionally at the far end of the authority axis. The two facts are unrelated, and both are true.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded right of centre: flat taxation and private ownership, contingent on political loyalty.","items":[{"t":"A thirteen percent flat personal income tax was introduced in 2001.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Yukos case in 2003–04 established that private ownership is revocable for political reasons.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: traditional values written into the constitution and enforced by criminal law.","items":[{"t":"The 2020 amendments defined marriage as a union of a man and a woman and invoked faith in God and historical truth.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 'international LGBT movement' was designated extremist by the supreme court in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling. Term limits reset, opposition candidates barred, imprisoned or dead.","items":[{"t":"The 2020 constitutional amendments reset the presidential term count to zero.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Independent media were designated foreign agents or closed; the last major independent broadcaster closed in 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: elected governors replaced by appointment, and the federal structure hollowed out.","items":[{"t":"Direct gubernatorial elections were abolished in 2004 and restored in constrained form in 2012.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8 on the ethnic-civilisational definition of the Russian nation and of its claimed sphere.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship extended in occupied Ukrainian territories; the compatriots doctrine defines belonging by language and descent.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded negative domestically: the regime is the established order and its change is conservative.","items":[{"t":"Constitutional amendment by managed plebiscite rather than by rupture.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"xiccp","n":"Xi-era CCP","aka":"","yr":"2012–","pl":"China","region":"Asia","countries":["China"],"fam":"Communist / State Capitalist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-2,8,10,10,7,-2],"core":"Party leadership over everything, national rejuvenation, common prosperity, and discipline of private capital.","econ":"Large private sector operating under party committees, dominant state banks and champions, industrial policy, tightened control of tech and property.","org":"Term limits abolished, party supremacy written into corporate governance, comprehensive surveillance, no independent judiciary.","note":"Moved back toward the collective pole on economics while pushing authority and centralisation higher than at any time since Mao.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Most output and employment are private, but party committees sit inside firms and strategic sectors are state-held. Coded just left of centre.","items":[{"t":"Private firms account for the large majority of urban employment and of new job creation.","k":"data"},{"t":"The 2018 company law revision required party organisations inside firms above a size threshold.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Regulatory campaigns from 2020 against technology, tutoring and property sectors reversed part of the earlier market movement.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"A pronounced traditionalist turn: Confucian revival, birth promotion, and campaigns against what the party calls effeminate culture.","items":[{"t":"The one-child policy was replaced by a three-child policy with pronatalist incentives from 2021.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Broadcast regulations from 2021 restricted celebrity culture, gaming hours for minors and private tutoring.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling. Term limits removed, no independent judiciary, no lawful opposition, comprehensive surveillance.","items":[{"t":"The presidential two-term limit was removed from the constitution in 2018.","k":"rec"},{"t":"No political party other than the CCP and its eight sanctioned satellites may contest power.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the ceiling: village elections curtailed, Hong Kong's separate system dismantled, autonomy in Xinjiang and Tibet nominal.","items":[{"t":"The 2020 national security law and 2021 electoral overhaul ended Hong Kong's separate political system.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded high on documented policy toward designated minorities.","items":[{"t":"Mass internment, birth-rate suppression and forced labour transfer in Xinjiang are documented by UN human rights reporting.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded negative: the regime is now the established order and its stated priority is stability.","items":[{"t":"'Stability maintenance' spending has exceeded the published defence budget in several years.","k":"data"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1949,"a":[-9,-2,10,9,3,10],"note":"Land reform and the nationalisation of industry; the marriage law of 1950."},{"y":1966,"a":[-10,-2,10,9,4,10],"note":"Communes, no private plots, and the Cultural Revolution turned against the party's own institutions."},{"y":1980,"a":[-4,4,9,8,5,-3],"note":"Household responsibility system restores farming decisions to families; special economic zones open."},{"y":2002,"a":[1,4,9,8,5,-4],"note":"WTO accession; private property recognised in the constitution in 2004."},{"y":2024,"a":[-2,8,10,10,7,-2],"note":"Party committees written into corporate governance; regulatory campaigns from 2020; term limits removed in 2018."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"orban","n":"Orbánism","aka":"Fidesz","yr":"2010–","pl":"Hungary","region":"Europe","countries":["Hungary"],"fam":"National Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,8,7,6,7,-1],"core":"Explicitly 'illiberal democracy': majority rule unconstrained by liberal checks, Christian national identity, opposition to immigration.","econ":"Sector taxes on foreign firms, national champions built through state contracts, generous family subsidies, low flat income tax.","org":"Constitutional court packed, electoral law rewritten, most media consolidated under allied ownership, universities restructured.","note":"The reference case for the modern claim that a government can be electorally legitimate and institutionally anti-pluralist at once.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded mildly market: a flat income tax alongside large family transfers and sectoral taxes on foreign firms.","items":[{"t":"A fifteen percent flat personal income tax with income tax exemption for mothers of four or more children.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Sector-specific taxes applied principally to foreign-owned banking, retail and telecoms.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: Christian national identity written into the constitution and into family and education law.","items":[{"t":"The 2011 Fundamental Law defines marriage as between a man and a woman and invokes Christianity in its preamble.","k":"rec"},{"t":"A 2021 law restricted depiction of homosexuality and gender reassignment to minors.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"The reference case for the entry. Elections are real and the institutions that could reverse their outcome have been restructured.","items":[{"t":"The 2011 constitution and subsequent amendments restructured the constitutional court and the judicial appointment system.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 2018 consolidation of some four hundred outlets into a single foundation removed most independent broadcast and print media.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 'illiberal state' formulation is the government's own, stated at Băile Tuşnad in 2014.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: sovereigntist against Brussels and strongly centralising internally.","items":[{"t":"Municipal competences and school administration were centralised after 2010.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7 on migration and on the ancestral definition of the nation.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship was extended to ethnic Hungarians abroad in 2010, with voting rights; the 2015 border fence and asylum restrictions followed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded near neutral: change achieved entirely through constitutional supermajorities.","items":[{"t":"The 2010 supermajority permitted constitutional amendment without any negotiation with the opposition.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1990,"a":[6,-2,-5,1,1,-5],"note":"Founded as a liberal anti-communist youth party and a member of the Liberal International."},{"y":1998,"a":[6,4,-2,3,4,-5],"note":"First term as a mainstream centre-right party in a normal coalition."},{"y":2010,"a":[4,7,4,5,6,-2],"note":"Two-thirds majority; a new constitution written and adopted within a year."},{"y":2024,"a":[4,8,7,6,7,-1],"note":"Media consolidation, judicial restructuring, and the illiberal state described as such by its own government."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"pis","n":"Law and Justice","aka":"PiS","yr":"2005–","pl":"Poland","region":"Europe","countries":["Poland"],"fam":"National Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-2,8,6,5,5,0],"core":"Catholic national identity, sovereignty against Brussels, and a claim that the post-1989 elite settlement was illegitimate.","econ":"Large universal child benefit, lower retirement age, higher minimum wage, state ownership in energy and banking.","org":"Judicial appointments and public media restructured under government control; lost office at the 2023 election and left.","note":"Economically to the left of most European social democracies on transfers, culturally traditionalist, contested on judicial independence.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: among the most generous transfer programmes in Europe alongside low flat taxation.","items":[{"t":"The 500+ child benefit introduced in 2016 was universal from the second child and raised to 800 in 2024.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The retirement age raised by the previous government was reversed in 2017.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: Catholic national identity in law and education.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional tribunal removed the foetal-abnormality ground for abortion in 2020, producing the largest protests since 1989.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: elections remained genuinely competitive and lost, which holds this below the Hungarian score.","items":[{"t":"The 2015–19 judicial reforms drew infringement proceedings and a finding of breach of EU law on judicial independence.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The party left office after losing its majority in the 2023 election.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: recentralisation of education and prosecution alongside EU sovereignty conflicts.","items":[{"t":"The offices of justice minister and prosecutor general were merged in 2016.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: refusal of relocation quotas and a national-Catholic definition of belonging.","items":[{"t":"Poland declined EU refugee relocation from 2015 and declared LGBT-free zones in dozens of municipalities.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: change pursued entirely through parliamentary majority and judicial appointment.","items":[{"t":"Constitutional change was achieved by statute rather than amendment because the party lacked a two-thirds majority.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":6,"to":5,"why":"Polish membership is civic with a descent-based diaspora card. The score reflects the card and the refusal of relocation, not a closure of citizenship."}]},{"id":"rn","n":"National Rally","aka":"RN, Front National","yr":"1972–","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-1,8,4,3,7,-1],"core":"National priority for French citizens, sharp restriction of immigration, sovereignty against the EU, protection of purchasing power.","econ":"Protectionist, pro-welfare for citizens, opposed to pension-age rises, energy price controls, formerly anti-euro.","org":"Accepts electoral democracy and has moderated its language, while remaining outside the mainstream cordon in French politics.","note":"Its economic profile has moved substantially leftwards over twenty years while its exclusion coding has stayed near the top.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Moved from a market position in the 1980s to a protectionist and pro-welfare position, which is why it now sits near the centre.","items":[{"t":"Opposition to raising the pension age and support for price controls on energy and food staples.","k":"prog"},{"t":"CHES records a substantial leftward movement in radical right economic positioning across recent waves.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8 on national identity, secularism as applied to Islam, and opposition to expanded gender recognition.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to ban the headscarf in public spaces and to restrict legal recognition of gender transition.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: fully electoral in method, with programme commitments that would override constitutional constraints.","items":[{"t":"Proposals to entrench national preference by referendum, bypassing the constitutional council's review.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Has contested every election since 1973 and accepted every result, which holds the score below the hybrid cases.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded mildly central: unitary French republicanism against both EU authority and regional particularism.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to restore the primacy of national law over European law.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"National preference in access to employment, welfare and housing is a formal programme commitment.","items":[{"t":"The programme proposes constitutional priority for French nationals in employment and social housing.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded slightly negative: a long strategy of normalisation through elections.","items":[{"t":"The dédiabolisation strategy since 2011 involved expelling the founder and moderating public positions.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1984,"a":[5,9,4,3,9,0],"note":"Under its founder the party campaigned on Reaganite tax reduction and economic liberalism."},{"y":2002,"a":[3,9,4,3,8,0],"note":"Reaches the presidential run-off; economic position beginning to shift."},{"y":2014,"a":[-1,8,4,2,8,-1],"note":"Protectionism, defence of the pension age and of public services for citizens."},{"y":2024,"a":[-1,8,4,3,7,-1],"note":"Economic programme now to the left of the governing party on pensions and price controls."}]},"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":8,"to":7,"why":"National preference applies to citizens including naturalised ones, which is a welfare rule rather than a membership rule. Held high because the programme also proposes restricting jus soli and stripping dual nationality."}]},{"id":"afd","n":"Alternative for Germany","aka":"AfD","yr":"2013–","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":true,"era":5,"a":[4,9,5,3,8,0],"core":"Founded against euro bailouts, reoriented around immigration, national identity and rejection of climate policy.","econ":"Low taxes, deregulation, opposition to the euro and to green industrial policy; some regional wings favour higher pensions.","org":"Contests elections; parts of the party are under domestic-intelligence observation, and its authority coding is disputed.","note":"Coded with medium confidence because the party's regional wings differ sharply and its classification is the subject of active legal and academic dispute.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: founded on euro policy, now mixed between market liberalism and eastern regional welfarism.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to abolish inheritance tax and to leave the euro sit alongside eastern demands for higher pensions.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: national identity, Leitkultur and opposition to what the party calls gender ideology.","items":[{"t":"Programme rejects multiculturalism explicitly and opposes recognition of gender beyond the binary.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5 with low confidence and a contested reading.","items":[{"t":"Three state branches have been classified as confirmed right-wing extremist by domestic intelligence; the national party was reclassified in 2025 and the designation is under legal challenge.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The party contests every election, holds parliamentary seats and has never been banned, which holds this below the hybrid-authoritarian scores.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national sovereignty against the EU, federalist within Germany.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a German exit from the EU in its present form.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: remigration and descent-based conceptions of belonging.","items":[{"t":"A 2023 meeting on deportation plans including naturalised citizens triggered mass counter-demonstrations in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: parliamentary in method, with parts of the party under intelligence observation.","items":[{"t":"Has contested every federal and state election since 2013 and holds seats in every state parliament.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"fdi","n":"Brothers of Italy","aka":"FdI","yr":"2012–","pl":"Italy","region":"Europe","countries":["Italy"],"fam":"National Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[5,8,3,3,7,-3],"core":"God, fatherland and family; national sovereignty within, not against, NATO and the EU.","econ":"Flat-tax ambitions, small-business friendly, higher defence spending, targeted welfare.","org":"Governs within constitutional constraints; has pursued constitutional reform to strengthen the premiership.","note":"Descends organisationally from the postwar neo-fascist MSI, and has governed as a mainstream conservative party. Both facts belong in the record.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: flat-tax ambitions and business support alongside targeted welfare.","items":[{"t":"The citizens' income was abolished in 2023 and replaced with a narrower conditional scheme.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: God, fatherland and family as the party's own formulation.","items":[{"t":"Surrogacy was criminalised including when performed abroad in 2024; registration of same-sex parents was restricted.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: fully constitutional in office, pursuing constitutional change by the prescribed route.","items":[{"t":"The premiership reform is proceeding by constitutional amendment requiring referendum.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national sovereignty within NATO and the EU rather than against them.","items":[{"t":"The government maintained arms supply to Ukraine and EU budget commitments against expectation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: the great replacement framing appears in the leadership's own speeches.","items":[{"t":"Naval NGO rescue operations were restricted by decree in 2023; a migrant processing agreement with Albania followed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: an organisational descent from the postwar MSI combined with entirely electoral practice.","items":[{"t":"The party's symbol retains the tricolour flame of the MSI.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"lega","n":"Lega","aka":"Northern League","yr":"1991–","pl":"Italy","region":"Europe","countries":["Italy"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[6,8,3,-2,8,-2],"core":"Originally northern regional autonomy, since 2013 a national anti-immigration and sovereigntist party.","econ":"Flat tax, tax amnesties, deregulation for small firms, opposition to EU fiscal rules.","org":"Strong regional devolution ambitions; operates fully within electoral politics.","note":"One of the largest recorded shifts on the centralisation axis of any party in the dataset — from secessionist to nationalist.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: flat tax and tax amnesties for small business.","items":[{"t":"A 15% flat rate for the self-employed was extended in successive budgets.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: identity and security politics since the 2013 reorientation.","items":[{"t":"The 2018–19 security decrees restricted humanitarian protection and criminalised rescue at sea.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: fully electoral, with a leader prosecuted and acquitted for the migrant policy.","items":[{"t":"The former interior minister was tried and acquitted in 2024 over blocking a rescue vessel.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: the largest recorded movement on this axis of any party here.","items":[{"t":"Founded to seek northern secession in 1996 and now campaigns as a national sovereigntist party, while still pursuing differentiated regional autonomy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8 on migration policy.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to naval blockade and mass return agreements.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: electoral throughout, with a secessionist rhetorical past.","items":[{"t":"The 1996 declaration of Padanian independence had no practical effect and was abandoned.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1992,"a":[7,5,2,-9,6,2],"note":"Northern League: secession of Padania, fiscal federalism, hostility to Rome and the south."},{"y":2004,"a":[7,7,3,-7,7,0],"note":"Devolution reform pushed in coalition; regional identity still primary."},{"y":2018,"a":[6,8,3,-1,8,-1],"note":"National sovereigntist turn; security decrees restricting rescue at sea."},{"y":2024,"a":[6,8,3,-2,8,-2],"note":"A national party with a residual autonomy programme."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"vox","n":"Vox","aka":"","yr":"2013–","pl":"Spain","region":"Europe","countries":["Spain"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[7,9,5,7,5,-2],"core":"Spanish national unity against regional separatism, restriction of immigration, rejection of gender and climate legislation.","econ":"Tax cuts, deregulation, reduced public administration.","org":"Would abolish the autonomous communities and recentralise power in Madrid.","note":"Unusual among European radical right parties in being both economically liberal and strongly centralising.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +7: tax reduction and administrative shrinkage.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to abolish regional administrations and reduce income tax to two bands.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: opposition to gender-violence legislation, abortion access and climate policy.","items":[{"t":"Sought repeal of the gender violence law and of historical memory legislation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: parliamentary, with a programme to abolish an entire constitutional tier.","items":[{"t":"Abolishing the autonomous communities would require constitutional amendment by supermajority and referendum.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: the most centralising position in Spanish politics.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to abolish the autonomous communities and recentralise health and education.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: national unity defined against both separatism and immigration.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to deport irregular migrants and to end regional language requirements in public employment.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: electoral, entering regional governments in coalition from 2022.","items":[{"t":"Has held vice-presidencies in several regional governments.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"Anti-immigration and simultaneously committed to Hispanidad, which is an expansive rather than a closed criterion."}]},{"id":"sd","n":"Sweden Democrats","aka":"SD","yr":"1988–","pl":"Sweden","region":"Europe","countries":["Sweden"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[1,8,3,3,8,-4],"core":"National cultural conservatism, restrictive immigration, defence of the Swedish welfare model for citizens.","econ":"Supports the welfare state, higher pensions, law-and-order spending; broadly centrist on tax.","org":"Operates entirely within parliamentary institutions and supports a governing coalition from outside.","note":"Its economic coding sits near the centre, which is typical of the Nordic radical right and unlike its southern European counterparts.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: welfare chauvinism, defending the Swedish model for citizens.","items":[{"t":"Supports higher pensions and health spending while opposing benefits for recent arrivals.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: cultural nationalism as the party's founding commitment.","items":[{"t":"Programme frames Swedish culture as requiring protection and assimilation as the goal of integration.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: entirely parliamentary, supporting a government from outside it.","items":[{"t":"Signed the 2022 Tidö agreement supporting a governing coalition without taking ministries.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary Swedish state against EU authority.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to renegotiate EU membership terms and oppose further integration.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: return migration and citizenship revocation are programme commitments.","items":[{"t":"Programme includes voluntary return incentives and revocation of citizenship for serious crime.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: two decades of deliberate normalisation from a neo-Nazi origin.","items":[{"t":"The party expelled members and rewrote its programme through the 1990s and 2000s to enter mainstream politics.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":{"link":2022,"pts":[{"y":1988,"a":[3,10,5,3,10,4],"note":"Founded out of the Keep Sweden Swedish campaign, with members drawn from openly neo-Nazi organisations."},{"y":2005,"a":[2,9,4,3,9,0],"note":"New leadership imposes a zero tolerance policy and expels members."},{"y":2014,"a":[1,8,3,3,8,-3],"note":"Parliamentary breakthrough; welfare positions move left."},{"y":2022,"a":[1,8,3,3,8,-4],"note":"Signs the Tidö agreement and supports a governing coalition from outside it."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"pvv","n":"Party for Freedom","aka":"PVV","yr":"2006–","pl":"Netherlands","region":"Europe","countries":["Netherlands"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[1,8,4,2,7,-2],"core":"Restriction of Islam and immigration, national sovereignty, protection of Dutch welfare and health care.","econ":"Defends pensions and health spending, opposes EU transfers, mixed on tax.","org":"Formally has a single member; parliamentary in method, with an explicitly majoritarian conception of rights.","note":"Combines an unusually high exclusion score with a mildly left economic profile — the standard 'welfare chauvinism' pattern.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: defends pensions and health spending while opposing EU transfers.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to lower the pension age and reduce health insurance excess.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: opposition to Islam is the party's founding and organising commitment.","items":[{"t":"Programme has included closing mosques and Islamic schools and banning the Quran.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: parliamentary, with an explicitly majoritarian conception of rights.","items":[{"t":"The party has exactly one member, its founder, which removes internal accountability.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: national sovereignty with a proposed EU exit.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a referendum on Dutch EU membership.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: an asylum freeze and the strictest admission regime proposed in Dutch politics.","items":[{"t":"The 2023 programme proposed an asylum stop and withdrawal from the EU asylum framework.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: entirely parliamentary, entering government in 2024.","items":[{"t":"Supported and then joined a coalition after winning the 2023 election.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":9,"to":7,"why":"Confessional in target rather than ancestral: Dutch citizenship itself is not contested by the programme. The highest score in the dataset was not supportable."}]},{"id":"fpo","n":"Freedom Party of Austria","aka":"FPÖ","yr":"1956–","pl":"Austria","region":"Europe","countries":["Austria"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,8,4,1,8,-2],"core":"Austrian identity, opposition to immigration and to EU centralisation, direct democracy.","econ":"Tax reduction, defence of pensions, opposition to green levies.","org":"Advocates binding referendums; has served in coalition governments repeatedly.","note":"One of the oldest radical right parties in Europe and a common template for the family.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: tax reduction alongside defence of pensions.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to cut income tax while opposing pension age rises.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: identity politics and opposition to migration and pandemic measures.","items":[{"t":"Campaigned against compulsory vaccination and against the Islamic headscarf in schools.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: repeatedly in government and entirely parliamentary in method.","items":[{"t":"Served in federal coalitions in 2000 and 2017 and left both before term.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: national sovereignty with Austrian federalism retained.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to reject EU migration policy while defending Land competences.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: remigration entered the party's public vocabulary in 2023.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to reverse migration flows and to restrict citizenship.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: direct democracy through binding referendums is a central demand.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to binding citizen-initiated referendums on any issue.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"chega","n":"Chega","aka":"","yr":"2019–","pl":"Portugal","region":"Europe","countries":["Portugal"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[6,8,4,3,5,-1],"core":"Anti-corruption populism combined with restrictive immigration and harsher criminal justice.","econ":"Tax cuts, smaller state, welfare conditionality.","org":"Parliamentary; advocates constitutional revision and chemical castration for some offences.","note":"Recent and fast-changing; coded with low confidence.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: tax reduction and a smaller state alongside welfare conditionality.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a flat-rate income tax structure and to reduced public administration.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: law and order, national identity and opposition to what the party calls gender ideology.","items":[{"t":"Programme has included chemical castration for some sexual offences and opposition to gender self-identification.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4 with low confidence: entirely parliamentary, seeking constitutional revision by the prescribed route.","items":[{"t":"Grew from one seat in 2019 to the second-largest parliamentary group in 2025 through ordinary elections.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: unitary and sovereigntist, opposing further regionalisation.","items":[{"t":"Programme opposes the creation of administrative regions and supports national control of migration policy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: migration restriction and conditional access to welfare.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to end automatic regularisation and to tie social support to contribution history.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −1: electoral throughout, with confrontational parliamentary tactics.","items":[{"t":"Has contested every election since founding and has never endorsed extra-parliamentary action.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"Portuguese citizenship is civic and lusophone naturalisation is comparatively open. The programme contests admission and welfare conditionality, not belonging."}]},{"id":"reformuk","n":"Reform UK","aka":"Brexit Party","yr":"2018–","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Right Populist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[7,7,3,1,5,-2],"core":"Sovereignty, sharply reduced immigration, opposition to net-zero targets and to the established political class.","econ":"Large income tax thresholds, deregulation, NHS reform toward an insurance element, lower business taxes.","org":"Parliamentary; formerly structured as a company rather than a membership party.","note":"Economically the most market-liberal of the European populist right, which distinguishes it sharply from RN or PVV.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +7: the most market-liberal of the European populist right.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to raise the income tax threshold to £20,000 and abolish business rates for small firms.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: opposition to net zero, to gender recognition reform and to what it calls institutional capture.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to scrap net zero targets and to legislate on single-sex spaces.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: parliamentary, formerly structured as a company rather than a membership party.","items":[{"t":"The party was a limited company with its leader as majority shareholder until 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: sovereigntist against supranational bodies without a strong internal position.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to leave the European Convention on Human Rights.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: net zero migration as the headline commitment.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to freezing non-essential immigration and to offshore processing.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: electoral, from a single-issue campaign to a general party.","items":[{"t":"Won the 2019 European election within six months of founding.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"Net-zero migration and ECHR withdrawal are claims about admission. The score sits at the top of the civic tier rather than in the confessional one."}]},{"id":"maga","n":"MAGA / Trumpism","aka":"","yr":"2015–","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"National Populist","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":true,"era":5,"a":[4,8,6,2,7,1],"core":"National restoration through a leader who claims to embody the real people against a corrupt establishment; borders, tariffs and sovereignty.","econ":"Broad tariffs, corporate and income tax cuts, deregulation, protection of existing entitlement programmes, industrial subsidies for chips and energy.","org":"Operates through elections while contesting the 2020 result; expanded use of executive power, pressure on civil service independence, prosecutorial and media conflicts.","note":"The most disputed coding in the dataset, and coded at low confidence for that reason. Scholars of fascism divide sharply: some place it inside the fascist tradition, others argue it lacks the paramilitary mass party, the corporatist economics and the explicit rejection of elections that define the historical cases. The atlas records both the elevated authority score and the substantial distance from the 1930s coordinates, and takes no position beyond that.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Tax reduction and deregulation pulled right, tariffs and defence of existing entitlements pulled left. The net is mildly market-oriented.","items":[{"t":"Repeated explicit commitments not to reduce Social Security or Medicare.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Across-the-board tariff programmes are inconsistent with the market pole of this axis.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: national-cultural restoration is the movement's organising theme rather than one of its policies.","items":[{"t":"Campaigns against diversity programmes, curricula and cultural institutions are central rather than peripheral.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6 with low confidence and a contested flag. This single cell drives most of the disagreement about the entry.","items":[{"t":"The 2020 presidential result was contested through litigation and then through the events of 6 January 2021.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Expanded use of executive authority over civil service tenure and prosecutorial independence.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Elections have continued to be contested, funded and conceded at state level throughout, which is why the score is not higher.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Specialists divide sharply on whether these facts warrant this coding; both readings are recorded in the entry note.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: sovereigntist against supranational bodies, and centralising against states and agencies it does not control.","items":[{"t":"Withdrawal or threatened withdrawal from multilateral agreements and bodies.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Federal action against state and municipal policy on immigration enforcement.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7 on the basis of programme, not rhetoric.","items":[{"t":"Commitments to end birthright citizenship, restrict asylum and conduct mass removal.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1, the lowest of the axes here, and the reason the entry sits far from the interwar coordinates.","items":[{"t":"Power has been sought and held through elections, primaries, litigation and appointments throughout.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The events of 6 January 2021 are the single fact that keeps this above zero, and specialists divide on how much weight it carries.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"usgop","n":"US Republican Party","aka":"GOP","yr":"1854–","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[6,6,3,0,4,-3],"core":"Limited federal government, lower taxes, strong defence, religious and family traditionalism, gun rights.","econ":"Tax reduction, deregulation, energy production, opposition to expansive federal welfare; tariffs since 2017.","org":"Federalism, judicial appointments, state control of election administration.","note":"Expert surveys record no substantial movement on the economic axis since 2000 and a substantial movement on the authority axis, which is why the two are plotted separately here.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Market-oriented on taxation and regulation, with a substantial tariff turn since 2017 that pulls it back toward the centre.","items":[{"t":"The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduced the corporate rate from 35 to 21 percent.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Broad tariffs from 2018 onward are a protectionist instrument and are coded as pulling the score left of where the 1990s party sat.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6 on traditionalist positions in law rather than rhetoric.","items":[{"t":"Party-appointed justices formed the majority overturning the federal abortion right in 2022.","k":"rec"},{"t":"State-level legislation on gender-affirming care, school curricula and library content since 2021.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"The most disputed cell in this entry. Coded mildly positive on the institutional party, distinct from the movement entry.","items":[{"t":"V-Party's Illiberalism Index records substantial movement in the illiberal direction between 2000 and 2018 with no corresponding movement on economic left–right.","k":"data"},{"t":"Party organisations in several states certified the 2020 result against pressure from the national campaign.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: federalist in doctrine and centralising in practice on the issues it prioritises.","items":[{"t":"States' rights invoked on education and health, while federal preemption is sought on immigration enforcement and energy permitting.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5 on immigration enforcement policy rather than on any ancestral criterion.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to mass deportation, border wall construction and restriction of birthright citizenship.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded strongly incremental at the institutional level: the party operates through courts, legislatures and elections.","items":[{"t":"Its most consequential recent victories were achieved through judicial appointment and state legislation.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1956,"a":[3,4,-2,1,2,-6],"note":"Eisenhower: interstate highway system built, New Deal programmes retained and extended."},{"y":1980,"a":[7,6,-3,-2,3,-4],"note":"Reagan: tax reduction, deregulation, and the religious right brought into the coalition."},{"y":2000,"a":[7,6,-1,0,3,-4],"note":"Compassionate conservatism; Medicare prescription drug benefit enacted 2003."},{"y":2016,"a":[6,6,1,0,4,-3],"note":"The tariff turn begins; existing entitlements explicitly defended rather than reformed."},{"y":2024,"a":[6,6,3,0,4,-3],"note":"Expert surveys record movement on institutional commitment with none on economic position."}]},"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":5,"to":4,"why":"Reduced but not to the civic tier: proposals to end birthright citizenship are a claim about who can belong rather than about how many arrive, and hold the score above the parties around it."}]},{"id":"usdem","n":"US Democratic Party","aka":"","yr":"1828–","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[-3,-5,-2,4,-6,-6],"core":"Regulated capitalism, expanded health coverage, civil rights, climate action, and defence of existing institutional procedure.","econ":"Subsidised insurance markets, industrial policy and clean energy investment, higher taxes on high earners, sectoral regulation.","org":"Federal constitutional democracy; favours expanding voting access and federal standards.","note":"On the economic axis it sits to the right of most European Christian democratic parties of the 1970s, and well right of any European social democratic party today.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Regulated capitalism with subsidised private insurance markets. Well right of any European social democratic party.","items":[{"t":"The 2010 Affordable Care Act expanded coverage through subsidised private insurance rather than public provision.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act operates through tax credits to private firms rather than public ownership.","k":"rec"},{"t":"CHES-equivalent placement of the party by comparative scholars is consistently right of European Christian democratic parties on lrecon.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: the party has moved substantially toward the liberal pole on family and identity questions since 2004.","items":[{"t":"Platform support for same-sex marriage moved from opposition to endorsement between 2004 and 2012.","k":"prog"},{"t":"CHES-equivalent placements put the party well toward the GAL pole relative to European mainstream parties.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Negative but not strongly so: the party has expanded federal authority repeatedly while defending procedural constraints on it.","items":[{"t":"Supported statutory federal standards for election administration in 2021–22.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Party leadership declined to abolish the legislative filibuster in 2022 despite holding a majority.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded positive: the party's characteristic instrument is federal legislation and federal standards over state variation.","items":[{"t":"Federal preemption sought on voting administration, abortion access and environmental standards.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Universalist on the formal membership rule.","items":[{"t":"Platform commitments to a path to citizenship for long-resident undocumented migrants have appeared in every cycle since 2004.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Strongly incremental: the defining recent commitment has been to preserve procedural norms rather than break them.","items":[{"t":"Declined to expand the supreme court or abolish the filibuster while holding a trifecta in 2021–22.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1932,"a":[-2,-1,1,4,1,-6],"note":"New Deal coalition including the segregationist South; Social Security excludes farm and domestic labour at Southern insistence."},{"y":1964,"a":[-3,-4,0,5,-6,-5],"note":"Civil Rights Act and Great Society; the Southern realignment begins the same year."},{"y":1996,"a":[2,-3,-2,4,-3,-7],"note":"Welfare reform, NAFTA, financial deregulation and the crime bill, all signed by a Democratic president."},{"y":2012,"a":[-2,-5,-2,4,-5,-6],"note":"Affordable Care Act in force; the platform endorses same-sex marriage for the first time."},{"y":2024,"a":[-3,-5,-2,4,-6,-6],"note":"Industrial policy through tax credits; expanded insurance subsidy."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"dsa","n":"US Democratic Socialism","aka":"DSA, Sanders wing","yr":"1982–","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Democratic Socialist","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,-8,-4,3,-8,-4],"core":"Universal public provision funded by taxing concentrated wealth, achieved entirely through elections and unions.","econ":"Single-payer health care, free public college, sectoral bargaining, public housing, green public investment.","org":"Electoral and constitutional throughout; no vanguard, no single-party ambition.","note":"Its programme is close to Nordic social democracy of the 1970s and far from any communist coordinate, despite the shared word in the name.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: universal public provision funded by taxation, with no proposal to abolish private ownership of production.","items":[{"t":"Single-payer health insurance and tuition-free public college are the central commitments.","k":"prog"},{"t":"The programme is close to Nordic social democracy of the 1970s and roughly fourteen units from classical Marxism.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −8: the movement's cultural positions are as central to it as its economics.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments on reproductive rights, trans health care, decarceration and immigration are foundational.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: strongly pro-democratisation of existing institutions rather than concentration.","items":[{"t":"Commitments to abolish the electoral college, expand voting rights and end the filibuster.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: federal programmes as the instrument, with municipal organising as the base.","items":[{"t":"Medicare for All and a federal jobs guarantee are national programmes by design.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −8: among the most universalist positions of any organisation in the dataset.","items":[{"t":"Commitments to decriminalise border crossing and to extend labour rights regardless of status.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded strongly incremental: electoral and trade union method throughout, contesting primaries within an existing major party.","items":[{"t":"Candidates have run and served in Congress and state legislatures under existing party structures.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ukcon","n":"UK Conservative Party","aka":"Tories","yr":"1834–","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[6,5,2,3,3,-5],"core":"Fiscal restraint, national sovereignty, property ownership, controlled migration, gradualism.","econ":"Lower taxes, deregulation, private provision within public services, fiscal rules.","org":"Parliamentary sovereignty; centralising toward Westminster on most policy.","note":"Sits well to the economic right of its own 1975 position, and to the economic right of the current US Democratic Party.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6 today. The same party in 1975 supported nationalised rail, coal, steel and utilities and would have been coded near −2.","items":[{"t":"Privatisation of telecoms, gas, water, electricity and rail between 1984 and 1996.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 1970 and February 1974 manifestos accepted the nationalised industries as settled.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: socially liberal legislation from the party's own governments alongside a traditionalist base.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex marriage was legislated by a Conservative government in 2013 against a majority of its own MPs.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: parliamentary in method, with several recent confrontations with legal constraint.","items":[{"t":"The 2019 prorogation of parliament was ruled unlawful by the supreme court.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Judicial review was narrowed and legislation was introduced to disapply parts of human rights law in specific policy areas.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: unitary and centralising, with mayoral devolution as the exception.","items":[{"t":"The Internal Market Act 2020 constrained devolved competences after EU withdrawal.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5 on migration policy rather than ancestry.","items":[{"t":"The Rwanda removals policy was legislated in 2024 and found unlawful by the supreme court in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: incremental by disposition, with Brexit as a deliberate discontinuity achieved by referendum.","items":[{"t":"EU withdrawal was pursued through referendum, legislation and treaty rather than outside them.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1950,"a":[-1,6,-1,2,5,-7],"note":"Accepted the NHS and all but two of the nationalised industries; denationalised only steel and road haulage."},{"y":1975,"a":[-2,6,0,3,5,-7],"note":"After the Heath government's U-turn: statutory incomes policy, industry rescues, three-day week."},{"y":1983,"a":[8,6,2,4,5,3],"note":"Privatisation of telecoms, gas and utilities; monetarism; union legislation; abolition of the metropolitan councils."},{"y":2005,"a":[6,3,1,3,3,-6],"note":"Cameron modernisation: environmental repositioning, and same-sex marriage legislated in 2013."},{"y":2024,"a":[6,5,2,3,3,-5],"note":"Rwanda removals policy, ECHR withdrawal debate, post-Brexit regulatory settlement."}]},"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":5,"to":3,"why":"Restrictive on admission and civic on belonging. The party has selected leaders and chancellors of recent immigrant descent, which is not compatible with a descent-based membership rule."}]},{"id":"uklab","n":"UK Labour Party","aka":"","yr":"1900–","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-3,-5,-3,3,-5,-8],"core":"Growth first, public service investment, workers' rights, stability and fiscal credibility.","econ":"Public ownership of rail and a public energy company, employment rights legislation, taxation of non-domiciled residents; broadly market economy.","org":"Parliamentary democracy; devolution to nations and regions.","note":"The gap between the 1983 and 2024 Labour coordinates is one of the largest single-party movements in the dataset.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3. The 1983 manifesto would have been coded near −8, which is the single largest party movement recorded here.","items":[{"t":"Clause IV, committing the party to common ownership, was rewritten in 1995.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Current commitments include public ownership of rail and a publicly owned energy company within an otherwise market economy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: liberal on social questions with recent qualification on gender recognition.","items":[{"t":"Introduced civil partnerships in 2004 and the Equality Act in 2010; equal marriage passed in 2013 with its support.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: constitutional in method with a centralising executive record in office.","items":[{"t":"Devolution to Scotland, Wales and London was created by the 1997 government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national standards and funding with devolution to nations and mayors.","items":[{"t":"Commitments to further devolution of transport and skills funding to combined authorities.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: civic membership with a restrictive recent posture on migration numbers.","items":[{"t":"Commitments to reduce net migration while defending settled status and asylum obligations.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: the most incremental method in the party's history.","items":[{"t":"Fiscal rules adopted before the 2024 election constrained the programme in advance.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1945,"a":[-7,-2,-3,4,-2,-7],"note":"Attlee government: coal, rail, steel, utilities and the Bank of England taken into public ownership; NHS founded 1948."},{"y":1983,"a":[-8,-5,-3,2,-4,-6],"note":"The manifesto its own MP called the longest suicide note in history: unilateral disarmament, EEC withdrawal, extensive further nationalisation."},{"y":1997,"a":[1,-5,-3,4,-4,-8],"note":"Clause IV rewritten in 1995; Bank of England independence granted in the first week; no industry renationalised in thirteen years."},{"y":2015,"a":[-4,-6,-4,3,-6,-7],"note":"Energy price freeze and rail renationalisation return to the programme."},{"y":2024,"a":[-3,-5,-3,3,-5,-8],"note":"Rail brought into public ownership as franchises expire, GB Energy created, fiscal rules adopted before the election."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"libdem","n":"Liberal Democrats","aka":"","yr":"1988–","pl":"Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain"],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"party","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[2,-6,-8,0,-6,-7],"core":"Civil liberties, constitutional reform, internationalism, environmental protection, local government.","econ":"Market economy with redistributive taxation and strong public services.","org":"Proportional representation, a written constitution, federalism, House of Lords reform.","note":"Occupies the most anti-concentration position of any major party in the dataset — the axis on which it is genuinely distinctive.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: market economy with redistributive taxation and strong public services.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a penny on income tax for health and social care.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: consistently liberal on personal freedom.","items":[{"t":"Legislated same-sex marriage in coalition in 2013 and campaigns for cannabis regulation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −8: the most anti-concentration position of any UK party.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to proportional representation, a written constitution, an elected second chamber and a federal UK.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: federalism domestically and strongly pro-European.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a federal UK and to rejoining the single market.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: pro-migration and pro-asylum against the national trend.","items":[{"t":"Campaigned for safe legal routes and against the Rwanda policy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: constitutional throughout, including in coalition.","items":[{"t":"Entered coalition in 2010 and lost 49 of 57 seats at the following election.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"globalgreens","n":"Global Greens","aka":"","yr":"2001–","pl":"Worldwide","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Green","t":"party","pw":2,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-5,-9,-6,0,-8,-4],"core":"Ecological wisdom, social justice, participatory democracy, non-violence, sustainability, respect for diversity.","econ":"Carbon pricing and regulation, public investment, opposition to growth-first policy, redistribution.","org":"Proportional representation, citizens' assemblies, devolution alongside binding international agreements.","note":"The party family whose position is least well described by any economic-only measure.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: ecological regulation and public investment rather than public ownership.","items":[{"t":"The 2001 Charter commits to markets constrained by ecological limits rather than to their abolition.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −9: respect for diversity is one of the six founding principles.","items":[{"t":"The Charter commits to gender equity, indigenous rights and cultural diversity as core rather than adjacent.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded strongly negative: rotation, mandates and referenda were founding organisational commitments, not later additions.","items":[{"t":"The 2001 Global Greens Charter names participatory democracy as one of six principles.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Die Grünen operated office rotation and imperative mandates in its early parliamentary practice.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: subsidiarity combined with binding international environmental agreement.","items":[{"t":"The Charter commits simultaneously to local self-determination and to enforceable global governance on ecology.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −8: explicit commitments on refugees and on the rights of non-citizens.","items":[{"t":"The Charter commits to the rights of migrants and refugees as a founding principle.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: non-violence is one of the six principles.","items":[{"t":"Non-violence is named in the Charter as a method binding on member parties.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"linke","n":"Die Linke","aka":"The Left","yr":"2007–","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Democratic Socialist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-7,-8,-4,2,-8,-3],"core":"Redistribution, rent controls, opposition to military deployment, expansion of public ownership.","econ":"Wealth tax, sharply higher minimum wage, nationalisation of energy and housing corporations, pension increases.","org":"Constitutional parliamentary democracy; supports referendums and stronger data protection.","note":"Descends partly from the East German ruling party and is coded far from it on authority and method.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: wealth tax, nationalisation of energy and housing corporations.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to expropriate large residential landlords, following the 2021 Berlin referendum.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −8: strongly liberal on migration, gender and drug policy.","items":[{"t":"Supports open borders in principle, self-identification for gender registration and cannabis legalisation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: constitutional and pro-referendum, with a founding lineage in the East German ruling party.","items":[{"t":"Programme supports binding federal referendums and stronger data protection.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: national redistribution with EU reform rather than exit.","items":[{"t":"Opposes EU fiscal rules while supporting European integration.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −8: among the most universalist positions in the Bundestag.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to abolishing deportation and to voting rights for long-term residents.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: entirely parliamentary.","items":[{"t":"Has governed in several state coalitions and held the minister-presidency of Thuringia.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bsw","n":"Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance","aka":"BSW","yr":"2024–","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Left Conservative","t":"party","pw":0,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,4,3,1,4,-3],"core":"Economic redistribution combined with cultural conservatism, migration restriction and opposition to arms deliveries.","econ":"Higher minimum wage, price controls on energy, industrial protection, higher taxes on capital.","org":"Parliamentary; a tightly controlled membership structure around its founder.","note":"The clearest live example of the left-economics, right-culture quadrant that the one-dimensional model has no room for at all.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Left economics with culturally conservative and migration-restrictive positions. The quadrant a single line cannot express.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments include energy price controls, higher minimum wage and higher capital taxation.","k":"prog"},{"t":"The same programme commits to reduced migration and opposes what it calls lifestyle-left politics.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: the defining feature of the party and the reason it split from Die Linke.","items":[{"t":"Founding programme criticises what it calls lifestyle-left politics and identity-focused campaigning.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: parliamentary, with a membership structure controlled by the founder.","items":[{"t":"Membership is by invitation and the party carries its founder's name.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: national sovereignty against EU and NATO commitments.","items":[{"t":"Opposition to arms deliveries and to sanctions policy on sovereignty grounds.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: migration restriction from a left economic position.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to reduce irregular migration and to enforce returns.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: entirely electoral.","items":[{"t":"Entered three state parliaments within nine months of founding.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"spd","n":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","aka":"SPD","yr":"1863–","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-3,-5,-5,3,-5,-8],"core":"Social market economy, codetermination, European integration, welfare modernisation.","econ":"Minimum wage, pension stabilisation, industrial policy, moderate taxation, fiscal rules.","org":"Federal parliamentary democracy, strong constitutional court, proportional representation.","note":"The oldest continuously operating party in this dataset, and one whose coordinates have moved roughly seven points rightwards on economics since 1891.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: social market economy with codetermination.","items":[{"t":"The 1959 Godesberg Programme accepted the market economy and dropped the Marxist analysis.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: liberal social legislation from government.","items":[{"t":"Legislated same-sex marriage, cannabis legalisation and self-identification for gender registration.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: federal parliamentary democracy and proportional representation.","items":[{"t":"The party has alternated in and out of government continuously since 1949.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: federal with strong European commitment.","items":[{"t":"Supported the EU recovery fund and joint borrowing in 2020.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: liberalised citizenship law in 2024.","items":[{"t":"Residence requirement reduced to five years and dual nationality permitted.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: the most incremental method in the socialist family.","items":[{"t":"Godesberg in 1959 and the Agenda 2010 reforms were both executed within coalition government.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1891,"a":[-8,-6,-4,3,-8,3],"note":"Erfurt Programme: transformation of capitalist private property into social property, on a Marxist analysis."},{"y":1959,"a":[-5,-4,-5,3,-6,-8],"note":"Godesberg Programme accepts the market economy and drops the Marxist framework entirely."},{"y":1998,"a":[0,-5,-4,4,-5,-8],"note":"Neue Mitte; the Agenda 2010 labour market reforms follow in 2003."},{"y":2024,"a":[-3,-5,-5,3,-5,-8],"note":"Statutory minimum wage, pension stabilisation, citizenship liberalisation."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"cdu","n":"CDU/CSU","aka":"Union","yr":"1945–","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Christian Democratic","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,4,-4,2,3,-8],"core":"Social market economy, fiscal discipline, Atlantic and European commitment, Christian moral inheritance.","econ":"Balanced budgets, competition policy, retained universal insurance systems, business-friendly taxation.","org":"Federalism, constitutional court, coalition government as the norm.","note":"A standing counter-example to the claim that generous social insurance is a left-wing marker.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: fiscal restraint with retained universal insurance systems.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional debt brake was legislated in 2009 under a CDU chancellor.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: Christian moral inheritance with substantial liberalisation in office.","items":[{"t":"Conscription was suspended and nuclear power phased out under CDU governments; same-sex marriage passed against most of its MPs.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: federalism, constitutional court and coalition as invariable practice.","items":[{"t":"Has never governed without a coalition partner at federal level.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: German federalism plus deep European commitment.","items":[{"t":"Consistently supports European integration while defending Länder competences in education.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: civic membership with a restrictive recent posture.","items":[{"t":"Opened the 2015 asylum admission under its own chancellor and campaigned in 2025 on tighter border control.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: the most incremental method of any large European party.","items":[{"t":"Governs by coalition as an invariable rule and has never sought constitutional rupture.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"fdp","n":"Free Democratic Party","aka":"FDP","yr":"1948–","pl":"Germany","region":"Europe","countries":["Germany"],"fam":"Liberal","t":"party","pw":2,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[8,-3,-6,0,-3,-6],"core":"Economic freedom, civil liberties, digitalisation, fiscal rules, individual responsibility.","econ":"Tax cuts, deregulation, debt brake, private pension provision, opposition to subsidies.","org":"Constitutional rights, data protection, opposition to surveillance.","note":"Economically far right and culturally liberal — the diagonal that one-dimensional coverage always describes incorrectly.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Included as a calibration point for the diagonal: far market economics with liberal cultural positions.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional debt brake and opposition to new borrowing are the party's defining recent commitments.","k":"prog"},{"t":"CHES places the party at the market end of lrecon and toward the libertarian end of galtan simultaneously.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: consistently liberal on personal freedom questions.","items":[{"t":"Supported cannabis legalisation, self-identification for gender registration and same-sex marriage.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: civil liberties and data protection are the party's oldest commitments.","items":[{"t":"Brought the constitutional challenge that struck down blanket telecommunications data retention in 2010.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: federalist domestically and pro-European.","items":[{"t":"Supports the single market and opposes joint EU debt.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: supported the skilled immigration and citizenship liberalisation of 2023–24.","items":[{"t":"Backed reducing the residence requirement for naturalisation and permitting dual nationality.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: coalition politics and constitutional method throughout.","items":[{"t":"Left the governing coalition in 2024 over the debt brake rather than suspend it.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"lfi","n":"La France Insoumise","aka":"LFI","yr":"2016–","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Left Populist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-8,-7,-1,2,-7,1],"core":"A sixth republic founded by constituent assembly, wealth redistribution, ecological planning, popular sovereignty against the EU treaties.","econ":"Price controls on essentials, retirement at sixty, wealth tax, renationalisation of energy and motorways.","org":"Advocates a constituent assembly, citizens' initiative referendums and recall of officials; internally leader-centred.","note":"Coded as populist on both style and structure while remaining electoral and constitutional in method.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: price controls, renationalisation and wealth taxation.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to block prices on essentials, restore the wealth tax and renationalise motorways and energy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: strongly liberal on migration, secularism and policing.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to regularise undocumented workers and to reform police use of force.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: a constituent assembly and citizen recall, from a leader-centred organisation.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to a Sixth Republic drafted by elected constituent assembly and to a citizens' initiative referendum including recall.","k":"prog"},{"t":"The movement has no membership vote on leadership, which holds the score above the Green and Left party values.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: national sovereignty with disobedience to EU treaties.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to disobeying EU fiscal rules where they conflict with the manifesto.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: regularisation and voting rights for foreign residents.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to regularising undocumented workers and to local voting rights for non-citizens.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: electoral, with an explicit endorsement of disobedience and street mobilisation.","items":[{"t":"Programme includes a stated right of resistance and has endorsed extra-parliamentary mobilisation against pension reform.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"renaissance","n":"Renaissance","aka":"Macronism","yr":"2016–","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Liberal Centrist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[6,-3,4,6,-3,-6],"core":"Technocratic reform of the state and labour market, pro-European integration, neither left nor right by design.","econ":"Pension age rise, labour market flexibility, corporate tax reduction, large industrial subsidy programmes.","org":"Strong presidential executive; repeated use of constitutional provisions to pass legislation without a vote.","note":"Its authority score is unusually high for a liberal party and reflects the Fifth Republic's executive design as much as the party's own preferences.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: labour market flexibility and corporate tax reduction.","items":[{"t":"The 2017 labour ordinances capped unfair dismissal compensation and decentralised bargaining.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: socially liberal with a restrictive security and secularism posture.","items":[{"t":"Legislated constitutional protection for abortion in 2024 and end-of-life reform, alongside the 2021 separatism law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: unusually high for a liberal party, reflecting the Fifth Republic's executive design.","items":[{"t":"Article 49.3 was used to pass the 2023 pension reform without a vote, and over twenty times in the 2022–24 parliament.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: centralising domestically and strongly pro-European.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to European strategic autonomy and to a stronger EU fiscal capacity.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: civic republicanism with a tightening migration regime.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 immigration law was partly struck down by the constitutional council after being passed with RN support.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: constitutional throughout, using the constitution's own bypass provisions.","items":[{"t":"Article 49.3 is a constitutional instrument, which is why the method score is negative and the authority score is not.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"lr","n":"Les Républicains","aka":"LR","yr":"2015–","pl":"France","region":"Europe","countries":["France"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[6,6,3,5,4,-5],"core":"Authority, secularism, national sovereignty within Europe, controlled immigration, fiscal restraint.","econ":"Spending cuts, lower payroll taxes, later retirement, deregulation.","org":"Strong executive, centralised republic, tough policing powers.","note":"The Gaullist inheritance, now positioned considerably to the economic right of de Gaulle himself.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: spending reduction and later retirement.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to raise the retirement age to 65 and to cut public sector employment.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: authority, secularism and law and order.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to minimum sentences and to a ban on the headscarf in public spaces.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: the Gaullist strong executive within full constitutional government.","items":[{"t":"Has alternated in and out of the presidency and accepted every result.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: the Gaullist unitary republic with European conditionality.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to suspend Schengen and to restore national control of migration policy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: laïcité as a cultural criterion applied to public life.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to extend headscarf restrictions beyond schools.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: entirely electoral.","items":[{"t":"Has governed and lost office repeatedly since 1958.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":5,"to":4,"why":"Laïcité applies a cultural criterion to public life and French citizenship remains acquirable and unconditional once held."}]},{"id":"psoe","n":"PSOE","aka":"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party","yr":"1879–","pl":"Spain","region":"Europe","countries":["Spain"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-4,-6,-2,2,-6,-7],"core":"Welfare expansion, labour reform, memory legislation, territorial accommodation of the regions.","econ":"Minimum income scheme, minimum wage rises, pension indexation, market economy with EU fiscal rules.","org":"Constitutional monarchy with strong regional autonomy; parliamentary democracy.","note":"Governs in coalition with parties considerably to its economic left.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: minimum income and pension indexation within EU fiscal rules.","items":[{"t":"The minimum vital income scheme was introduced in 2020 and the minimum wage raised by over 50% since 2018.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: among the most liberal social legislation in Europe.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex marriage 2005, historical memory law 2007 and 2022, abortion reform 2010 and 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: constitutional monarchy with strong regional autonomy.","items":[{"t":"Governs in coalition and by parliamentary agreement with regional parties.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: national programmes with accommodation of the autonomous communities.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 amnesty law was negotiated with Catalan parties to secure investiture.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: expansive regularisation of undocumented residents.","items":[{"t":"A 2024–25 reform created a regularisation pathway for around 300,000 people a year.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: entirely electoral since the transition.","items":[{"t":"Accepted defeat and returned to office repeatedly since 1982.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pp","n":"People's Party","aka":"PP","yr":"1989–","pl":"Spain","region":"Europe","countries":["Spain"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[7,5,3,6,2,-6],"core":"National unity, fiscal orthodoxy, business-friendly regulation, moderate social conservatism.","econ":"Tax reduction, labour flexibility, deficit control.","org":"Constitutional; favours limiting regional powers, especially in education and language.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +7: tax reduction, labour flexibility and deficit control.","items":[{"t":"The 2012 labour reform reduced dismissal costs and decentralised collective bargaining.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: moderate social conservatism with acceptance of established liberal law.","items":[{"t":"Challenged same-sex marriage at the constitutional court in 2005 and accepted the 2012 ruling upholding it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: constitutional, with the strongest available centralising instrument used once.","items":[{"t":"Article 155 was invoked in 2017 to suspend Catalan autonomy, with parliamentary approval.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: national unity against Catalan and Basque devolution.","items":[{"t":"Applied Article 155 to suspend Catalan autonomy in 2017.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: civic membership with a restrictive posture on irregular arrival.","items":[{"t":"Historically supported expansive naturalisation for Latin American nationals.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: entirely constitutional and alternating in office since 1996.","items":[{"t":"Has transferred power peacefully after every electoral defeat.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":4,"to":2,"why":"Spanish conservatism has historically favoured expansive naturalisation for Latin American and Sephardic applicants. Civic membership with a restrictive recent posture on irregular arrival."}]},{"id":"sumar","n":"Sumar / Podemos","aka":"","yr":"2014–","pl":"Spain","region":"Europe","countries":["Spain"],"fam":"Left Populist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-7,-8,-2,1,-8,-2],"core":"Anti-austerity redistribution, housing rights, feminism, plurinational recognition of Spain's regions.","econ":"Rent caps, higher minimum wage, wealth taxes, shorter working week, public housing.","org":"Parliamentary; supports referendums on self-determination and stronger participatory mechanisms.","note":"Emerged from the 2011 square occupations and entered national government within a decade.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: rent controls, working-time reduction and wealth taxation.","items":[{"t":"Negotiated the 2023 housing law with rent caps in stressed markets and a reduction of the working week.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −8: feminism and LGBT rights as founding commitments.","items":[{"t":"Drove the 2023 trans self-identification law and the reform of consent law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: parliamentary, supporting referendums on self-determination.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to a negotiated referendum in Catalonia.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: plurinational recognition combined with national redistribution.","items":[{"t":"Supports a referendum on Catalan self-determination while defending national social programmes.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −8: regularisation and migrant rights as programme commitments.","items":[{"t":"Supported the 2024 popular initiative for extraordinary regularisation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: emerged from square occupations and entered government within a decade.","items":[{"t":"The 15-M movement of 2011 produced Podemos in 2014 and government participation in 2020.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"m5s","n":"Five Star Movement","aka":"M5S","yr":"2009–","pl":"Italy","region":"Europe","countries":["Italy"],"fam":"Valence Populist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-4,-1,1,-2,-2,-2],"core":"Anti-corruption, direct digital democracy, environmentalism, citizens' basic income, hostility to professional politics.","econ":"Citizens' income, opposition to large infrastructure, mixed on the euro over time.","org":"Online membership votes on policy and candidates, two-term limits, recall of officials.","note":"Deliberately refuses left–right placement and has governed with partners from both directions. A hard case for any spectrum, which is why it is included.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: citizens' income as the signature policy.","items":[{"t":"The reddito di cittadinanza was introduced in 2019 and abolished by the successor government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −1: deliberately without a settled cultural position.","items":[{"t":"The movement's founding rules excluded traditional left–right identification.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: direct digital democracy alongside a platform controlled by a private company.","items":[{"t":"Candidate selection and policy votes were run on the Rousseau platform owned by a private foundation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: localist and anti-infrastructure, with shifting European positions.","items":[{"t":"Opposed the Turin–Lyon rail link and other large projects on local grounds.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −2: no distinctive membership position, and shifting migration stances.","items":[{"t":"Governed with the Lega on migration in 2018 and with the Democratic Party against it in 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: entirely electoral despite anti-system rhetoric.","items":[{"t":"Governed in coalition with both the Lega and the Democratic Party within eighteen months.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"syriza","n":"Syriza","aka":"","yr":"2004–","pl":"Greece","region":"Europe","countries":["Greece"],"fam":"Democratic Socialist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,-7,-2,1,-7,-3],"core":"Anti-austerity, debt relief, welfare restoration, secularisation, refugee rights.","econ":"Reversal of pension and wage cuts, public investment, higher taxes on capital — constrained in office by creditor agreements.","org":"Parliamentary; used a referendum in 2015 and then accepted terms the referendum rejected.","note":"Its trajectory in office is a useful record of how external constraint moves a coordinate without changing a programme.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: anti-austerity commitments substantially constrained in office.","items":[{"t":"Called a referendum rejecting creditor terms in July 2015 and signed a third memorandum weeks later.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: separated church and state functions and legislated civil partnership.","items":[{"t":"Legislated same-sex civil partnership in 2015 and gender self-identification in 2017.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: parliamentary, holding a referendum and then acting against its result.","items":[{"t":"The July 2015 referendum rejected creditor terms by 61%; the government signed a memorandum three weeks later.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: national programme constrained by supranational creditors.","items":[{"t":"The memoranda transferred substantial fiscal authority to the institutions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: refugee reception against strong domestic and European pressure.","items":[{"t":"Around 850,000 people arrived by sea in 2015 under its government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: parliamentary throughout, including when its own referendum was overridden.","items":[{"t":"Accepted the 2019 electoral defeat and transferred power.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"akp","n":"AKP","aka":"Justice and Development Party","yr":"2001–","pl":"Turkey","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Turkey"],"fam":"Islamist Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,8,8,7,6,-1],"core":"Conservative religious identity, national sovereignty, and a strong presidency claiming direct popular mandate.","econ":"Construction-led growth, credit expansion, unorthodox interest rate policy, large social assistance programmes.","org":"Constitution changed by referendum to an executive presidency; mass judicial and media replacement after 2016.","note":"Frequently cited alongside Fidesz as the paradigm of electorally competitive but institutionally anti-pluralist government.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded mildly market: privatisation and construction-led growth alongside very large social assistance and unorthodox rate policy.","items":[{"t":"Extensive privatisation of state enterprises through the 2000s.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Interest rates were cut during high inflation from 2021 on the president's stated doctrine.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: a religious-conservative reordering of education, public space and family policy.","items":[{"t":"Withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention on violence against women in 2021.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Expansion of imam-hatip religious schooling and lifting of the headscarf ban in public institutions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Constitutional change by referendum plus mass replacement of judiciary and media after 2016.","items":[{"t":"The 2017 referendum replaced the parliamentary system with an executive presidency and abolished the office of prime minister.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Over four thousand judges and prosecutors were dismissed after the 2016 coup attempt.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: elected metropolitan authorities constrained and trustees appointed over opposition-held councils.","items":[{"t":"State-appointed trustees replaced elected mayors in dozens of south-eastern municipalities from 2016.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6 on the Turkish-Sunni definition of the national community.","items":[{"t":"Kurdish-language political activity and elected representatives have been prosecuted continuously.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded near neutral: change by referendum and legislation, under emergency powers after 2016.","items":[{"t":"Rule by emergency decree from July 2016 to July 2018 dismissed over one hundred thousand public employees.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":2002,"a":[5,6,2,4,4,-5],"note":"EU accession reforms; the death penalty abolished and state security courts closed."},{"y":2010,"a":[5,7,4,5,5,-4],"note":"Referendum restructures the judiciary; civilian control of the military established."},{"y":2017,"a":[4,8,7,6,6,-2],"note":"Executive presidency adopted by referendum after the 2016 coup attempt and mass dismissals."},{"y":2024,"a":[4,8,8,7,6,-1],"note":"Opposition mayors prosecuted; unorthodox monetary policy."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"chp","n":"Republican People's Party","aka":"CHP","yr":"1923–","pl":"Turkey","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Turkey"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-3,-2,-6,5,3,-6],"core":"Secularism, restoration of parliamentary government, rule of law, social democratic economics.","econ":"Minimum wage rises, orthodox monetary policy, social housing, farm support.","org":"Return to a parliamentary system with strengthened courts and press freedom.","note":"The founding Kemalist party, now positioned as the main constitutionalist opposition.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: minimum wage rises and orthodox monetary policy.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to restore central bank independence and raise the minimum wage.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: secularism as the founding commitment, with a nationalist tradition.","items":[{"t":"The party's six arrows include secularism and republicanism.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: restoration of parliamentary government and judicial independence.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to reversing the 2017 executive presidency.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: a unitary republic, historically resistant to Kurdish autonomy.","items":[{"t":"The party has moved toward cooperation with Kurdish parties in municipal elections since 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: Turkish civic nationalism with a secular criterion.","items":[{"t":"Membership is defined by citizenship rather than descent, within a strongly national frame.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: electoral, and repeatedly the target of state action.","items":[{"t":"The Istanbul mayor, its leading figure, was imprisoned in 2025.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bjp","n":"Bharatiya Janata Party","aka":"BJP","yr":"1980–","pl":"India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"National Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,8,6,7,8,-2],"core":"Hindu cultural nationalism, national security, welfare delivery, and infrastructure-led development.","econ":"Direct benefit transfers, free food grain to 800 million people, privatisation of state firms, production subsidies.","org":"Competitive elections with a dominant party; contested use of investigative agencies, media pressure, and revocation of Kashmir's special status.","note":"Combines one of the largest welfare delivery systems in the world with one of the highest exclusion scores among elected governments.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Pulled right by privatisation and production subsidies, pulled left by the largest in-kind welfare programme in the world. Net mildly market.","items":[{"t":"Free food grain provided to roughly 800 million people since 2020.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Air India, and stakes in state banking and insurance, sold or listed since 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: Hindu cultural nationalism in law, education and public ritual.","items":[{"t":"The Ayodhya temple was consecrated by the prime minister in 2024 on the site of a mosque demolished in 1992.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Anti-conversion and cow-slaughter statutes expanded across BJP-governed states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: elections remain genuinely competitive and the institutions around them are under pressure.","items":[{"t":"Opposition bank accounts frozen and leaders arrested during the 2024 campaign; the party lost its majority in that election.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Press freedom and academic independence indices for India have fallen consistently since 2014.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a strongly centralising programme against India's federal structure.","items":[{"t":"The Goods and Services Tax centralised revenue authority; Jammu and Kashmir was demoted to a union territory in 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded high on the strength of statutory citizenship criteria and constitutional change in Kashmir.","items":[{"t":"The 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act fast-tracks naturalisation for named religious groups and excludes Muslims.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Article 370 was revoked in 2019, removing Jammu and Kashmir's special constitutional status.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded negative: change pursued through elections, legislation and courts.","items":[{"t":"Constitutional change on Kashmir was executed by parliamentary majority and upheld by the supreme court.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1984,"a":[2,8,3,4,8,0],"note":"Two parliamentary seats; the Ayodhya mobilisation begins later in the decade."},{"y":1998,"a":[4,8,4,5,8,-1],"note":"Coalition government under Vajpayee; nuclear tests conducted."},{"y":2014,"a":[5,8,4,6,8,-2],"note":"First single-party majority in thirty years, campaigned on development."},{"y":2024,"a":[4,8,6,7,8,-2],"note":"Citizenship Amendment Act, revocation of Article 370, and the largest food transfer programme in the world."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"inc","n":"Indian National Congress","aka":"","yr":"1885–","pl":"India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-2,-4,0,3,-5,-5],"core":"Secular pluralism, caste census and affirmative action, welfare guarantees, federalism.","econ":"Employment guarantee, income transfer proposals, market economy with regulation.","org":"Constitutional parliamentary democracy; a dynastic leadership structure internally.","note":"The party of independence, now the principal opposition.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: employment guarantee and transfer proposals within a market economy.","items":[{"t":"The rural employment guarantee act of 2005 remains the world's largest workfare programme.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: secular pluralism and caste-based affirmative action.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a caste census and to raising reservation ceilings.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded at zero: constitutional throughout, with the 1975–77 emergency as the exception.","items":[{"t":"The emergency suspended civil liberties for 21 months; the party then lost the 1977 election and accepted it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: federal with strong central programmes.","items":[{"t":"National schemes are administered through states with central funding conditions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: constitutional secularism as the defining commitment.","items":[{"t":"Opposed the 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act as violating religious neutrality.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: electoral and constitutional.","items":[{"t":"Has transferred power after every defeat since 1977.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ldp","n":"Liberal Democratic Party","aka":"LDP","yr":"1955–","pl":"Japan","region":"Asia","countries":["Japan"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[5,6,3,4,6,-7],"core":"Business-aligned conservatism, alliance with the United States, cautious constitutional revision, social traditionalism.","econ":"Industrial policy, monetary expansion, construction spending, agricultural protection.","org":"Fully competitive democracy that the same party has won almost continuously since 1955.","note":"Demonstrates that single-party dominance and genuine electoral competition can coexist for decades.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: industrial policy, monetary expansion and agricultural protection.","items":[{"t":"Abenomics from 2013 combined monetary easing, fiscal stimulus and structural reform.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: social traditionalism maintained across seventy years in office.","items":[{"t":"Japan remains the only G7 state without legal recognition of same-sex unions nationally; married couples must share a surname.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: full electoral competition with almost continuous incumbency.","items":[{"t":"Lost power in 1993 and 2009 and returned by election both times.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a centralised state with prefectural administration.","items":[{"t":"Fiscal transfers from the centre fund most prefectural spending.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: one of the most restrictive naturalisation and asylum regimes among wealthy democracies.","items":[{"t":"Japan granted refugee status to fewer than one percent of applicants for most of the last two decades.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: seven decades of constitutional government.","items":[{"t":"The 1947 constitution has never been amended.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"dpp","n":"Democratic Progressive Party","aka":"DPP","yr":"1986–","pl":"Taiwan","region":"Asia","countries":["China","Taiwan"],"fam":"Social Liberal Nationalist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[2,-6,-5,1,0,-5],"core":"Taiwanese sovereignty and identity, liberal social policy, alignment with democratic partners.","econ":"Semiconductor-led industrial policy, energy transition, pension reform, market economy.","org":"Constitutional democracy with strong civil liberties and referendums.","note":"Nationalist in the classic nineteenth-century sense — sovereignty against a larger state — while socially among the most liberal parties in Asia.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: semiconductor industrial policy within an open market economy.","items":[{"t":"Public investment in chip fabrication and energy transition alongside private ownership.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: the most socially liberal governing party in Asia.","items":[{"t":"Taiwan became the first Asian jurisdiction to legalise same-sex marriage, in 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: strong constitutional constraints and referendums.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional court struck down parliamentary reform legislation in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: a unitary state with strong local elections.","items":[{"t":"Municipal elections are fully competitive and often lost by the governing party.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded at zero: a civic Taiwanese identity rather than an ethnic one.","items":[{"t":"Indigenous languages were made national languages in 2017 and a formal apology issued in 2016.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: constitutional throughout, from an illegal opposition under martial law.","items":[{"t":"Founded illegally in 1986 while martial law was still in force, and legalised the following year.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"kmt","n":"Kuomintang","aka":"KMT","yr":"1919–","pl":"Taiwan","region":"Asia","countries":["China","Taiwan"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[6,5,1,4,2,-7],"core":"Cross-strait engagement, business interests, Chinese cultural identity, stability.","econ":"Trade liberalisation with the mainland, business tax reduction, nuclear power.","org":"Fully democratic since 1996; previously the single ruling party under martial law until 1987.","note":"One of the few organisations in the dataset that transitioned from a one-party regime to an ordinary opposition party without dissolving.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: trade liberalisation with the mainland and business tax reduction.","items":[{"t":"The 2010 cross-strait trade agreement was the party's signature economic policy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: Chinese cultural identity and social conservatism.","items":[{"t":"Opposed the 2019 same-sex marriage legislation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: the ruling party under martial law until 1987, and an ordinary opposition since 1996.","items":[{"t":"Martial law ran from 1949 to 1987; the first direct presidential election was in 1996.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Lost power in 2000 and 2016 and accepted both results.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary republic claiming a larger territory.","items":[{"t":"The constitution still nominally claims the mainland.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: a Chinese national identity within a civic franchise.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship is territorial and the party competes for indigenous and Hakka votes.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: one of the few organisations here to move from one-party rule to ordinary opposition without dissolving.","items":[{"t":"The transition was negotiated and the party remained legal throughout.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1949,"a":[1,7,10,8,6,6],"note":"Martial law imposed on Taiwan; the White Terror period begins."},{"y":1987,"a":[4,6,7,6,4,0],"note":"Martial law lifted after 38 years; opposition parties legalised."},{"y":2000,"a":[6,5,1,4,2,-6],"note":"Loses the presidency and transfers power without incident."},{"y":2024,"a":[6,5,1,4,2,-7],"note":"An ordinary opposition party competing in a consolidated democracy."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"anc","n":"African National Congress","aka":"ANC","yr":"1912–","pl":"South Africa","region":"Africa","countries":["South Africa"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-4,-3,1,4,-3,-4],"core":"Non-racial constitutional democracy, redistribution and black economic empowerment.","econ":"Social grants reaching a third of the population, state enterprises in energy and rail, employment equity mandates.","org":"Constitutional democracy with a strong bill of rights and an independent judiciary that has ruled against the party repeatedly.","note":"Lost its parliamentary majority in 2024 and formed a coalition — a normal alternation event that many liberation parties never reach.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: large social transfers and state enterprises inside a market economy with orthodox macroeconomics.","items":[{"t":"Around 28 million people receive social grants; the reserve bank has operated an inflation target since 2000.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: one of the most liberal constitutions in the world, adopted under its government.","items":[{"t":"South Africa was the fifth country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage, in 2006.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded slightly positive on governing practice and strongly constrained by a judiciary that has ruled against it repeatedly.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional court ordered a sitting president to repay public funds in 2016 and later jailed him for contempt.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The party lost its parliamentary majority in 2024 and entered coalition without incident.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with provinces holding delegated rather than sovereign powers.","items":[{"t":"Provincial powers are concurrent and subject to national override.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: explicitly non-racial in constitutional doctrine, with race-based redress in employment law.","items":[{"t":"The 1955 Freedom Charter declared that South Africa belongs to all who live in it; employment equity legislation sets demographic targets.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: an armed wing suspended in 1990 and a negotiated transition thereafter.","items":[{"t":"The armed struggle was suspended in August 1990 and the transition negotiated at CODESA.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1955,"a":[-7,-4,-2,3,-4,4],"note":"Freedom Charter: mines, banks and monopoly industry to be transferred to the people; armed struggle begins 1961."},{"y":1990,"a":[-6,-3,-1,4,-3,1],"note":"Unbanned; armed struggle suspended in August."},{"y":1996,"a":[-2,-3,0,4,-3,-4],"note":"GEAR macroeconomic programme adopted; the constitution comes into force."},{"y":2024,"a":[-4,-3,1,4,-3,-4],"note":"Loses its majority after thirty years and enters coalition."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"eff","n":"Economic Freedom Fighters","aka":"EFF","yr":"2013–","pl":"South Africa","region":"Africa","countries":["South Africa"],"fam":"Left Populist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-9,-1,4,5,5,3],"core":"Expropriation of land without compensation, nationalisation of mines and banks, black economic sovereignty.","econ":"State ownership of mineral resources, banks and strategic industry; large public employment programmes.","org":"Parliamentary, with a militarised internal structure and a commander-in-chief title for its leader.","note":"Far-left economics combined with an ascriptive membership frame — a coordinate almost absent from European politics.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −9: expropriation without compensation and nationalisation of mines and banks.","items":[{"t":"Founding manifesto commits to expropriation of land without compensation and state ownership of mines and banks.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −1: economically radical and socially conventional.","items":[{"t":"The party supports the constitution's equality clause while its politics centre on economic restitution.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: parliamentary with a militarised internal structure.","items":[{"t":"Officers hold military titles and the leader is styled commander-in-chief.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: nationalisation administered centrally.","items":[{"t":"The manifesto assigns mineral and banking ownership to the national state.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: black economic sovereignty as the organising frame.","items":[{"t":"Manifesto frames economic freedom in explicitly racial terms of restitution.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: parliamentary, with disruptive tactics and militarised internal forms.","items":[{"t":"Has repeatedly disrupted parliamentary proceedings and been removed by force from the chamber.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"morena","n":"Morena","aka":"","yr":"2014–","pl":"Mexico","region":"Americas","countries":["Mexico"],"fam":"Left Populist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-5,2,5,5,1,-2],"core":"The people against the neoliberal elite; austerity in government, transfers to the poor, national energy sovereignty.","econ":"Doubled minimum wage, universal pensions, state oil and electricity priority, cancelled private infrastructure contracts.","org":"Elected with large majorities; pursued judicial elections, weakened autonomous regulators, and pressured the electoral institute.","note":"Redistributive economics with a contested record on independent institutions — a pattern the atlas records on the left as readily as on the right.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: doubled minimum wage and universal pensions alongside fiscal austerity in government.","items":[{"t":"The minimum wage rose over 100% in real terms between 2018 and 2024; a universal old-age pension was constitutionalised.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: economically left and culturally moderate, with a socially conservative base.","items":[{"t":"The government maintained the militarised security model it had campaigned against.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: elected with large majorities and pursuing structural change to independent bodies.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 judicial reform made all judges including the supreme court subject to popular election.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Autonomous transparency and evaluation bodies were abolished in 2024–25.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: centralised delivery of transfers bypassing state governments.","items":[{"t":"Federal programmes are paid directly to beneficiaries rather than administered through states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: civic membership with an expansive asylum record.","items":[{"t":"Mexico received over 140,000 asylum applications in 2023, among the highest in the world.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: entirely electoral, with constitutional change by supermajority.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 supermajority permitted constitutional amendment without opposition agreement.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pt","n":"Workers' Party","aka":"PT","yr":"1980–","pl":"Brazil","region":"Americas","countries":["Brazil"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-5,-5,-2,3,-5,-5],"core":"Poverty reduction, industrial policy, social inclusion, multilateral foreign policy.","econ":"Conditional cash transfers, minimum wage indexation, development bank lending, market economy with inflation targeting.","org":"Constitutional democracy; accepted electoral defeat in 2018 and impeachment in 2016.","note":"Reduced extreme poverty substantially while operating within an orthodox macroeconomic framework.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: transfers and minimum wage indexation inside an orthodox macroeconomic frame.","items":[{"t":"Bolsa Família reached a quarter of the population; extreme poverty roughly halved between 2003 and 2014.","k":"data"},{"t":"Inflation targeting, a floating currency and primary surplus targets were retained from the previous government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: socially progressive in appointments and policy without confronting the evangelical caucus.","items":[{"t":"Quota legislation for public universities in 2012; abortion remains criminalised.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: constitutional throughout, including through impeachment and imprisonment of its leaders.","items":[{"t":"Accepted the 2016 impeachment and the 2018 defeat; its founder's convictions were later annulled by the supreme court.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national programmes administered through a strong federation.","items":[{"t":"Bolsa Família is federally funded and municipally delivered.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: expanded refugee admission and regional integration.","items":[{"t":"Brazil admitted over 500,000 Venezuelans under a dedicated regularisation programme.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: electoral throughout, including through impeachment and imprisonment.","items":[{"t":"Its founder returned to the presidency by election after his convictions were annulled.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bolsonarismo","n":"Bolsonarismo","aka":"","yr":"2018–","pl":"Brazil","region":"Americas","countries":["Brazil"],"fam":"National Populist","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[6,9,6,3,4,1],"core":"Order, God, family, guns, and hostility to the left and to the press.","econ":"Privatisation, pension reform, deregulation of environmental protection and firearms.","org":"Elected; conceded the 2022 result only after supporters stormed the capital, and its leader was subsequently barred from office.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: privatisation, pension reform and deregulation.","items":[{"t":"The 2019 pension reform raised retirement ages; environmental enforcement was cut sharply.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: order, God, family and guns.","items":[{"t":"Firearms decrees expanded civilian ownership; gender content was removed from curricula.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: elected, and conceding the result only after the capital was stormed.","items":[{"t":"Supporters stormed the congress, supreme court and presidential palace on 8 January 2023.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The electoral court barred the former president from office until 2030.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: federal against state governments during the pandemic.","items":[{"t":"The supreme court affirmed state authority over pandemic measures against federal objection.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4 after the v2.2 review: civic jus soli citizenship unchallenged.","items":[{"t":"The exclusions practised were political and against indigenous land claims, recorded on other axes.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: electoral, with the military repeatedly invoked.","items":[{"t":"Military police and armed forces were publicly courted throughout the term.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":7,"to":4,"why":"Brazilian membership is civic and jus soli, and was not challenged. The exclusion the movement practised was of political opponents and of indigenous land claims, which the culture and authority axes already record."}]},{"id":"lla","n":"La Libertad Avanza","aka":"Milei","yr":"2021–","pl":"Argentina","region":"Americas","countries":["Argentina"],"fam":"Libertarian Populist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[10,6,4,0,3,3],"core":"Radical reduction of the state, dollarisation, and a declared war on the political caste.","econ":"Deep spending cuts, deregulation by emergency decree, currency devaluation, privatisation, abolition of ministries.","org":"Elected; governs substantially by decree with a small legislative minority.","note":"The most economically right coordinate held by any sitting government in the dataset, combined with a populist authority profile — a combination without a modern precedent at this scale.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"The most market-oriented sitting government in the dataset.","items":[{"t":"The December 2023 emergency decree repealed or amended over three hundred regulations at once.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Ministries were reduced from eighteen to nine and public employment cut sharply.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: opposition to abortion, gender policy and what the president calls cultural Marxism, alongside libertarian economics.","items":[{"t":"Ministries of women, gender and diversity were abolished in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: elected and constitutionally constrained, governing extensively by decree with a legislative minority.","items":[{"t":"Necessity and urgency decrees have been the principal legislative instrument.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Congress and the courts have blocked or reversed several decrees, which is why this is not higher.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: federal transfers cut sharply, which decentralises fiscally and centralises power.","items":[{"t":"Discretionary transfers to provinces were reduced or halted in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded mildly positive with no ancestral criterion.","items":[{"t":"Immigration restrictions were tightened by decree in 2025 on access to health and education.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: constitutional in form and disruptive in method.","items":[{"t":"The founding programme described the state as a criminal organisation and promised its demolition.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"kirchner","n":"Kirchnerism","aka":"","yr":"2003–","pl":"Argentina","region":"Americas","countries":["Argentina"],"fam":"Left Populist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,1,5,5,2,-1],"core":"State-led redistribution, national sovereignty against creditors, mobilised popular movements.","econ":"Price controls, export taxes, renationalised oil and pensions, large subsidy regime, chronic inflation.","org":"Elected; conflicts with courts, the press and the central bank's independence.","note":"The current mainstream of the Peronist movement, which the atlas codes separately from Peronism itself for this reason.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: renationalisation, price controls and export taxes.","items":[{"t":"YPF was renationalised in 2012 and private pension funds taken into the state system in 2008.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: economically left and socially mixed, with same-sex marriage legalised in 2010.","items":[{"t":"Argentina was the first Latin American country to legalise same-sex marriage, in 2010.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: conflicts with courts, the press and the central bank's independence.","items":[{"t":"The 2009 media law and repeated attempts to reform the judicial council were the principal instruments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: federal transfers used to discipline provinces.","items":[{"t":"Discretionary transfers were concentrated on aligned provincial governments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: nationalist against creditors, without an ancestral criterion.","items":[{"t":"The 2003 restructuring and the conflict with holdout creditors defined the frame.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −1: electoral, with organised movement mobilisation.","items":[{"t":"Lost the presidency in 2015 and regained it in 2019 by election.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"chavismo","n":"Chavismo","aka":"PSUV","yr":"1999–","pl":"Venezuela","region":"Americas","countries":["Venezuela"],"fam":"Left Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-8,2,9,8,3,4],"core":"Bolivarian socialism of the twenty-first century, anti-imperialism, popular power organised from above.","econ":"Nationalised oil, steel, cement, food distribution and land; price and currency controls; hyperinflation and mass emigration.","org":"Supreme court and electoral council packed, opposition candidates barred, parliament superseded, contested elections.","note":"Began with genuine electoral victories and majority support, and is now coded near the authority ceiling. The trajectory, not the starting point, is the finding.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Comprehensive nationalisation across oil, steel, cement, banking, food distribution and land.","items":[{"t":"Oil service, steel, cement and agricultural processing firms were expropriated between 2007 and 2010.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Price and currency controls from 2003 produced shortages and, from 2017, hyperinflation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded mildly traditional: socially conservative on family and church relative to the Latin American left.","items":[{"t":"Abortion remains criminalised and same-sex marriage unrecognised after twenty-five years in power.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Trajectory rather than starting point. Early elections were genuinely competitive and internationally observed.","items":[{"t":"The 2015 opposition legislative majority was superseded by a Constituent Assembly in 2017.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Leading opposition candidates were disqualified from the 2018 and 2024 presidential elections.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: communal councils created below the elected mayors and funded around them.","items":[{"t":"Opposition-held state and municipal budgets were bypassed through parallel centrally funded structures.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded mildly positive: membership of the political community defined by loyalty to the movement.","items":[{"t":"The Tascón list circulated the names of recall-referendum signatories and was used to deny public employment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded positive: an attempted coup in 1992 followed by twenty-five years of contested elections.","items":[{"t":"The movement's founder led a failed military coup in 1992 before being elected in 1998.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"cpv","n":"Communist Party of Vietnam","aka":"CPV","yr":"1930–","pl":"Vietnam","region":"Asia","countries":["Vietnam"],"fam":"Communist / Market","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[2,5,9,8,3,-4],"core":"Party monopoly on political power alongside a rapidly liberalising, export-oriented market economy.","econ":"Private and foreign firms dominant in manufacturing, state ownership in banking and energy, land ownership vested in the state.","org":"Single party, collective leadership, no independent press, unions or judiciary.","note":"Now sits to the economic right of several European social democratic parties while remaining a one-party communist state.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: to the economic right of several European social democratic parties while remaining a one-party communist state.","items":[{"t":"Đổi Mới reforms from 1986 legalised private enterprise and opened the economy to foreign investment.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Private and foreign-invested firms now account for the large majority of manufacturing output and exports.","k":"data"},{"t":"All land remains owned by the state with use rights allocated, which holds the score below higher market values.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: a conservative social order with unusual permissiveness on some questions.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex marriage is unrecognised but no longer prohibited; gender transition was legally recognised in 2015.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: single-party rule with collective leadership and no independent institutions.","items":[{"t":"Article 4 of the constitution names the party as the leading force of state and society.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: unitary with substantial provincial economic autonomy.","items":[{"t":"Provinces compete for foreign investment within centrally set frameworks.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a Kinh-majority national definition with recognised minorities and restricted religion.","items":[{"t":"Religious organisations must register with the state; unregistered congregations face prosecution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: the party is the established order and its stated priority is stability.","items":[{"t":"Đổi Mới was executed as controlled incremental reform over three decades.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1975,"a":[-9,3,10,9,4,7],"note":"Reunification by force; central planning extended to the south."},{"y":1986,"a":[-6,4,9,8,4,-2],"note":"Đổi Mới: private enterprise legalised and the economy opened."},{"y":2007,"a":[1,5,9,8,4,-4],"note":"WTO accession; foreign investment dominant in manufacturing."},{"y":2024,"a":[2,5,9,8,3,-4],"note":"Economically to the right of several European social democratic parties, politically unchanged."}]},"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":4,"to":3,"why":"A Kinh-majority national frame with recognised minorities and restricted religious association. Confessional restriction of practice is not exclusion from membership."}]},{"id":"taliban","n":"Taliban","aka":"Islamic Emirate","yr":"1994–","pl":"Afghanistan","region":"Asia","countries":["Afghanistan"],"fam":"Islamist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,10,10,6,9,6],"core":"Rule by a supreme religious leader applying a particular reading of Islamic law with no elected component at all.","econ":"Bazaar economy, customs revenue, agriculture, aid dependence, no formal economic doctrine.","org":"No constitution, no elections, no parties; women excluded from secondary education and most employment.","note":"Scores at the ceiling on authority and near it on culture and exclusion, with a near-centre economic coordinate — a distribution that a left–right label cannot carry.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: no economic doctrine, a bazaar economy, and revenue from customs and taxation.","items":[{"t":"Customs collection and taxation of trade are the principal state revenue; the opium ban since 2022 removed a major rural income.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: the most restrictive gender policy of any government in the dataset.","items":[{"t":"Girls barred from education beyond grade six since 2022 and from universities since December 2022.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Women barred from most employment, from parks and gyms, and required a male escort for long-distance travel.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling. No constitution, no elections, no parties, and rule by decree of a single religious authority.","items":[{"t":"The 2004 constitution was voided and no replacement has been promulgated.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Decrees since 2021 have barred women from secondary and university education and most employment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: provincial governors appointed by the leadership in Kandahar.","items":[{"t":"Decisions are issued by the supreme leader from Kandahar rather than by the Kabul administration.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9 on confessional and ethnic grounds.","items":[{"t":"Hazara Shia communities have faced displacement and attacks; no non-Sunni holds senior office.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: took power by armed conquest after a twenty-year insurgency.","items":[{"t":"Kabul was taken by force in August 2021 following the withdrawal of foreign forces.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"isis","n":"Islamic State","aka":"ISIS / Daesh","yr":"2013–","pl":"Iraq, Syria","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Iraq","Syria"],"fam":"Jihadist","t":"regime","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[1,10,10,9,10,10],"core":"Restoration of a universal caliphate through mass violence, with obligatory allegiance and death for dissent.","econ":"Oil sales, taxation, extortion, looting and slave markets; no productive programme.","org":"Absolute clerical-military command; no institutions independent of the leader.","note":"Occupies the far corner of five axes at once. Included to mark the outer edge of the measurable space, not because it resembles anything else nearby.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: extraction and extortion with no productive programme.","items":[{"t":"Revenue came from oil sales, taxation of captured populations, looting and ransom.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: a totalising religious order enforced by public violence.","items":[{"t":"Slavery was formally reinstituted and regulated by published guidance.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: absolute clerical-military command with no institution outside it.","items":[{"t":"A caliphate was declared in 2014 requiring the allegiance of all Muslims on pain of death.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: a caliphate claiming authority over all Muslims everywhere.","items":[{"t":"The 2014 declaration nullified the legitimacy of all other governments and organisations.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the ceiling: enslavement and extermination of designated groups.","items":[{"t":"The 2014 Sinjar massacre and enslavement of Yazidi women has been found to constitute genocide by the UN.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the ceiling: mass violence as constitutive rather than instrumental.","items":[{"t":"Public executions and their filming were a central instrument of governance and recruitment.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"hezbollah","n":"Hezbollah","aka":"","yr":"1982–","pl":"Lebanon","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Lebanon"],"fam":"Islamist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-3,9,7,3,8,5],"core":"Armed resistance to Israel, Shia community defence, and allegiance to the Iranian supreme leader.","econ":"Extensive social service, clinic and reconstruction networks funded externally; parallel to the Lebanese state.","org":"Contests Lebanese elections while maintaining an army outside state control.","note":"A party, a militia and a welfare provider at once — a structure that appears repeatedly in weak-state settings and fits no standard party taxonomy.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: extensive social provision funded externally.","items":[{"t":"Operates schools, hospitals and reconstruction programmes in parallel to the Lebanese state.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: Shia religious authority over social life.","items":[{"t":"The 1985 open letter declares allegiance to the Iranian supreme leader.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: contests elections while maintaining an army outside state control.","items":[{"t":"Has held parliamentary seats and ministries since 1992 while retaining independent armed forces.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a Lebanese party within a transnational alignment.","items":[{"t":"Fought in Syria from 2013 on the direction of its regional alignment rather than Lebanese policy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: confessional membership in a confessional political system.","items":[{"t":"Lebanon's system allocates offices by sect; the party is the principal Shia vehicle.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +5: armed force as a constitutive rather than instrumental commitment.","items":[{"t":"The May 2008 seizure of parts of Beirut turned those arms on domestic opponents.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"rojava","n":"Democratic Confederalism","aka":"Rojava, AANES","yr":"2012–","pl":"North-east Syria","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Syria"],"fam":"Libertarian Socialist","t":"regime","pw":2,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-7,-8,-3,-8,-3,4],"core":"Stateless democracy through local communes, gender parity by statute, and ethnic co-existence in place of a nation-state.","econ":"Cooperatives, communal land, and oil revenue administered by regional councils.","org":"Nested commune, neighbourhood, district and regional councils with co-chair gender quotas — alongside a dominant armed party.","note":"Derived from a Marxist-Leninist party that adopted the writings of an American anarchist. Coded at low confidence because independent reporting is limited.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: cooperatives and communal land with regionally administered oil revenue.","items":[{"t":"Agricultural and service cooperatives operate alongside a regulated private sector.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −8: gender parity written into the administrative structure.","items":[{"t":"Every administrative body has co-chairs of different genders and a 40% minimum quota.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3 with low confidence: nested councils alongside a dominant armed party.","items":[{"t":"The social contract establishes commune, district and regional councils; the PYD holds decisive military power.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −8: the commune as the primary unit of decision.","items":[{"t":"Democratic confederalism explicitly rejects the nation state as the unit of government.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: a multi-ethnic administration written into the social contract.","items":[{"t":"The social contract recognises Kurdish, Arab, Syriac and Armenian communities as constituent.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: an armed administration created in a civil war.","items":[{"t":"The administration emerged from the withdrawal of Syrian government forces in 2012.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ezln","n":"Zapatistas","aka":"EZLN","yr":"1994–","pl":"Chiapas, Mexico","region":"Americas","countries":["Mexico"],"fam":"Libertarian Socialist","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-8,-6,-6,-10,3,3],"core":"Indigenous autonomy and self-government without seeking to take state power at all.","econ":"Communal land, cooperatives, autonomous clinics and schools, refusal of government funds.","org":"Rotating unpaid councils governed by the principle of 'ruling by obeying'; armed but not offensive since 1994.","note":"One of the very few armed movements in the dataset whose stated objective is explicitly not to capture the state.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: communal land and autonomous cooperatives.","items":[{"t":"The 1994 uprising was triggered by the removal of constitutional protection for communal land.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: the Revolutionary Women's Law adopted before the uprising.","items":[{"t":"The 1993 law established rights to choose partners, hold office and bear arms.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: rotating unpaid councils governed by ruling-by-obeying.","items":[{"t":"Good government juntas rotate membership and are subject to recall.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the floor: the autonomous municipality as the unit.","items":[{"t":"Around forty autonomous municipalities operate their own schools, clinics and courts.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: indigenous autonomy within a national frame.","items":[{"t":"The San Andrés accords of 1996 sought constitutional recognition of indigenous autonomy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: armed but not offensive since 1994.","items":[{"t":"Twelve days of fighting in January 1994, and no offensive operations in the three decades since.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pirate","n":"Pirate Parties","aka":"","yr":"2006–","pl":"Europe","region":"Europe","countries":[],"fam":"Digital Libertarian","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[1,-7,-9,-2,-6,-3],"core":"Copyright and patent reform, privacy, transparency of government, and direct participation through digital tools.","econ":"Deliberately agnostic; the party defines itself on information policy rather than distribution.","org":"Liquid democracy, whistleblower protection, open data, opposition to surveillance.","note":"A single-axis party in a multi-axis space — which is exactly why it kept collapsing when forced to take positions on everything else.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: deliberately without an economic position.","items":[{"t":"Founding programmes address copyright, patents and privacy and explicitly decline other economic commitments.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: civil libertarian on speech, drugs and personal life.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to decriminalisation and to freedom of expression as a near-absolute.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −9: liquid democracy and transparency as the organising commitments.","items":[{"t":"The German party used LiquidFeedback for delegated member voting on policy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: local and transnational simultaneously, with weak national positioning.","items":[{"t":"Parties coordinated through Pirate Parties International while contesting national elections.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: internationalist and pro-free-movement in most national programmes.","items":[{"t":"Programmes generally support open data, open borders and international civil liberties standards.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: electoral and litigious.","items":[{"t":"Entered the European Parliament in 2009 and led the Czech government's junior partner in 2017.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"degrowth","n":"Degrowth","aka":"","yr":"2002–","pl":"Europe, Latin America","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Ecological","t":"school","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-8,-7,-5,-6,-7,2],"core":"Planned reduction of material throughput in rich economies, with wellbeing decoupled from GDP.","econ":"Working time reduction, caps on resource use, universal basic services, limits on advertising and private jets.","org":"Citizens' assemblies, commons governance, subsidiarity.","note":"Rejects the growth premise shared by nearly every other coordinate in the dataset, left and right alike.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: caps on material throughput and universal basic services.","items":[{"t":"Programme proposals centre on working-time reduction, resource caps and public provision of essentials.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: post-materialist and egalitarian.","items":[{"t":"The literature ties ecological limits to distributive justice as a single argument.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: citizens' assemblies and commons governance.","items":[{"t":"Ostrom's commons research is a standing reference for the movement's governance proposals.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: subsidiarity and bioregional scale.","items":[{"t":"Proposals favour relocalised production over global supply chains.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: explicitly global in the distribution of obligations.","items":[{"t":"The argument requires contraction in rich economies specifically, to permit growth elsewhere.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: planned transition, with a movement wing practising direct action.","items":[{"t":"The literature calls for planned reduction; associated movements have used occupation and blockade.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"christnat","n":"Christian Nationalism","aka":"","yr":"2000–","pl":"United States","region":"Americas","countries":["United States"],"fam":"Religious Nationalist","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[5,10,7,-1,7,1],"core":"The nation as divinely constituted and properly governed by Christian moral authority; pluralism as decline.","econ":"Broadly market-oriented with family-directed transfers; no distinctive economic doctrine.","org":"Varies from majoritarian democracy to explicit rejection of religious neutrality in law.","note":"Distinct from ordinary religious conservatism by the claim that the state itself should be confessional.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: market-oriented with family-directed transfers.","items":[{"t":"No distinctive economic doctrine; policy emphasis is on family tax provision.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: the nation treated as divinely constituted.","items":[{"t":"The claim is that the founding was providential and that law should reflect it.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: majoritarian, with a strand rejecting religious neutrality in law outright.","items":[{"t":"Contemporary integralist writing argues the state should recognise a confession.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −1: federal and state-level in method.","items":[{"t":"State legislatures have been the principal instrument.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7 after the v2.2 review: confessional and acquirable rather than ancestral.","items":[{"t":"The criterion is adherence to a faith, which is in principle open, unlike descent.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: legislative and judicial, with a fringe accepting confrontation.","items":[{"t":"The movement's principal victories have come through courts and state legislatures.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":9,"to":7,"why":"Reduced to the confessional tier. The claim is that the nation is constitutively Christian, which is a criterion that can in principle be acquired, unlike descent."}]},{"id":"neoreaction","n":"Neoreaction / Network State","aka":"NRx, accelerationism","yr":"2007–","pl":"Online, Silicon Valley","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Techno-Authoritarian","t":"school","pw":0,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[9,8,7,-6,4,4],"core":"Democracy treated as an inefficient technology; government reconceived as a corporation with a competent executive and exit rather than voice.","econ":"Radical market liberalism, cryptocurrency, charter cities and special jurisdictions outside national regulation.","org":"Sovereign corporate governance, shareholder rather than citizen accountability, competing micro-states.","note":"Simultaneously anti-centralist and anti-democratic — a combination that has no twentieth-century analogue and that the standard compass cannot render.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +9: radical market liberalism, cryptocurrency and charter cities.","items":[{"t":"Balaji Srinivasan's The Network State proposes crowdfunded sovereign territory outside national regulation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: explicit rejection of egalitarianism as a political premise.","items":[{"t":"Moldbug's writing treats democratic equality as an ideological inheritance to be discarded.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: government reconceived as a corporation with a competent executive.","items":[{"t":"The formulation is that a state should be run by a CEO answerable to shareholders rather than voters.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: anti-centralist and anti-democratic simultaneously.","items":[{"t":"Competing micro-states and exit rather than voice is the organising proposal — a combination with no twentieth-century analogue.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4 after the v2.2 review: membership as shareholding, with hereditarian strands.","items":[{"t":"Exit-based membership is contractual in form; parts of the tradition argue from claimed hereditary difference.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: a stated preference for discontinuity without electoral method.","items":[{"t":"The doctrine explicitly rejects winning elections as the route to change.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":6,"to":4,"why":"The doctrine's own logic is contractual and exit-based, with membership as shareholding. It contains hereditarian strands, which is why this is not lower, but its formal membership rule is the opposite of ascriptive."}]},{"id":"technocracy","n":"Technocratic Centrism","aka":"","yr":"1990–","pl":"EU institutions, IFIs","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Technocratic","t":"school","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[5,-2,1,8,-4,-8],"core":"Rule-bound, expert-designed policy insulated from short-term electoral pressure.","econ":"Fiscal rules, independent central banks, competition enforcement, structural reform conditionality.","org":"Delegation to non-majoritarian institutions: courts, agencies, central banks, treaty bodies.","note":"Its high authority score is not authoritarianism but deliberate insulation. The two are different phenomena that get the same insult.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: market allocation with rule-bound correction rather than direction.","items":[{"t":"Competition enforcement and state aid control are the characteristic instruments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: procedurally liberal without a substantive cultural programme.","items":[{"t":"Rights adjudication is delegated to courts rather than legislated as a programme.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded positive on delegation rather than on authoritarianism. The distinction is the reason for the separate entry from neoliberalism.","items":[{"t":"Monetary policy in most advanced economies is set by bodies insulated from electoral removal by statute or treaty.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Fiscal rules and treaty limits constrain the range within which elected majorities may legislate.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: authority pooled above the nation state by treaty.","items":[{"t":"Monetary policy for twenty countries is set by a single body insulated from any national electorate.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: free movement as a constitutive commitment.","items":[{"t":"Free movement of persons is one of the four freedoms of the single market.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: change through treaty amendment and rule revision.","items":[{"t":"Treaty change requires unanimity and ratification in every member state.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"AU","from":3,"to":1,"why":"Delegation to non-majoritarian institutions constrains majorities; it does not concentrate power in a centre that cannot be checked. The authority axis measures checkability, and treaty-bound bodies are checkable by courts and by exit. Reduced to separate insulation from concentration more sharply."}]},{"id":"canlpc","n":"Liberal Party of Canada","aka":"LPC","yr":"1867–","pl":"Canada","region":"Americas","countries":["Canada"],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-1,-6,-1,4,-6,-6],"core":"Managed capitalism, multiculturalism, climate policy, national social programmes.","econ":"Carbon pricing, child benefit, dental and pharmacare programmes, free trade agreements, market economy.","org":"Federal parliamentary democracy with strong provincial powers and a charter of rights.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: carbon pricing, child benefit and dental care within a market economy.","items":[{"t":"The Canada Child Benefit and national dental care programme were introduced in 2016 and 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: multiculturalism as declared state policy since 1971.","items":[{"t":"Canada was the first state to adopt an official multiculturalism policy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: federal parliamentary democracy under a charter of rights.","items":[{"t":"The Charter of Rights and Freedoms was patriated in 1982 under a Liberal government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: national programmes negotiated with strong provinces.","items":[{"t":"Health transfers carry federal conditions under the Canada Health Act.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: among the highest per-capita immigration intakes in the OECD.","items":[{"t":"Permanent resident admissions exceeded 470,000 in 2023 before targets were reduced.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: entirely parliamentary.","items":[{"t":"Has alternated in and out of office throughout.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"cancpc","n":"Conservative Party of Canada","aka":"CPC","yr":"2003–","pl":"Canada","region":"Americas","countries":["Canada"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[6,5,1,-1,4,-5],"core":"Lower taxes, resource development, provincial jurisdiction, law and order, fiscal restraint.","econ":"Carbon tax repeal, pipeline approval, deregulation of housing supply, balanced budgets.","org":"Federalism with strong provincial autonomy; parliamentary democracy.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: tax reduction, resource development and spending restraint.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to repeal the consumer carbon price and to tie infrastructure funding to housing completions.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: socially conservative base with settled liberal law unchallenged.","items":[{"t":"Leadership has stated it will not legislate on abortion, which is unregulated by statute in Canada.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: parliamentary, with a 2022 emergency powers dispute.","items":[{"t":"Opposed the invocation of the Emergencies Act in 2022, later found unjustified by the Federal Court.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −1: provincial jurisdiction defended against federal programmes.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to end federal conditions on provincial health and housing transfers.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: high immigration levels supported historically, with recent restriction.","items":[{"t":"Supported record admissions until 2023 and then called for reductions tied to housing supply.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: entirely parliamentary.","items":[{"t":"Formed by merger of two parties in 2003 and has governed and lost office by election.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"canndp","n":"New Democratic Party","aka":"NDP","yr":"1961–","pl":"Canada","region":"Americas","countries":["Canada"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-5,-7,-3,2,-7,-6],"core":"Universal public services, labour rights, Indigenous reconciliation, wealth taxation.","econ":"Pharmacare and dental care, public housing, higher corporate and wealth taxes, market economy.","org":"Parliamentary democracy; supports proportional representation.","note":"Grew from a prairie agrarian socialist party that introduced public health insurance in Saskatchewan before it existed nationally.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: universal public provision funded by taxation on wealth and excess profit.","items":[{"t":"Negotiated federal dental care and pharmacare through a confidence agreement in 2022–24.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: consistently liberal on social questions and Indigenous rights.","items":[{"t":"Campaigns for full implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: pro-proportional representation and parliamentary throughout.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to replace first-past-the-post with proportional representation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: national programmes negotiated with provinces.","items":[{"t":"Pharmacare and dental care were secured through a federal confidence agreement.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: expanded immigration and refugee commitments.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to end the Safe Third Country Agreement and expand family reunification.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: electoral throughout, from an agrarian socialist origin.","items":[{"t":"Its predecessor introduced public health insurance in Saskatchewan in 1962 before it existed nationally.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"canbq","n":"Bloc Québécois","aka":"BQ","yr":"1991–","pl":"Canada","region":"Americas","countries":["Canada"],"fam":"Civic Nationalist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-3,0,-4,-8,4,-4],"core":"Quebec sovereignty and the defence of provincial jurisdiction, language and secularism.","econ":"Social democratic on transfers, supportive of Quebec's subsidised childcare model, pro-trade.","org":"Maximum decentralisation to the province, up to independence, by referendum.","note":"Combines a low centralisation score with a moderately high exclusion score through language and secularism law — an instructive pairing.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: social democratic on transfers and supportive of Quebec's subsidised childcare model.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to increase health transfers and to protect the provincial childcare system.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded at zero: socially liberal on most questions and restrictive on religious expression in public employment.","items":[{"t":"Supports Quebec's Law 21 barring religious symbols for some public employees, and supports medical assistance in dying.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: parliamentary, seeking independence by referendum.","items":[{"t":"Two referendums have been held, in 1980 and 1995, both lost and both accepted.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −8: maximum devolution up to independence.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to Quebec sovereignty achieved by referendum.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a linguistic and secular definition of the national community.","items":[{"t":"Supports Law 96 strengthening French language requirements in commerce and education.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: entirely constitutional.","items":[{"t":"The Clarity Act 2000 set the terms for any future secession referendum.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"auslab","n":"Australian Labor Party","aka":"ALP","yr":"1891–","pl":"Australia","region":"Oceania","countries":["Australia"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-2,-5,-2,4,-5,-7],"core":"Wage protection, universal health care, compulsory retirement savings, climate transition.","econ":"Medicare, superannuation, industrial relations regulation, open trade, industry policy.","org":"Federal parliamentary democracy with compulsory voting.","note":"Delivered some of the earliest labour legislation in the world and, in the 1980s, one of the deepest market liberalisations by a left party anywhere.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: Medicare and compulsory superannuation within an open market economy.","items":[{"t":"Medicare 1984 and compulsory superannuation 1992 are the party's principal structural legacies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: liberal on social questions with a socially conservative union base.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex marriage passed by postal survey and legislation in 2017; the Voice referendum failed in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: parliamentary democracy with compulsory voting.","items":[{"t":"Compulsory voting has applied federally since 1924 and produces turnout above 90%.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: national standards within a federation.","items":[{"t":"The National Disability Insurance Scheme is federally administered across states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: a large migration programme alongside offshore processing of asylum arrivals.","items":[{"t":"Offshore processing was introduced by a Labor government in 2001 and retained since.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: electoral throughout, including the 1980s market liberalisation.","items":[{"t":"The Hawke and Keating governments floated the dollar and cut tariffs from the left.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"auslib","n":"Liberal–National Coalition","aka":"","yr":"1944–","pl":"Australia","region":"Oceania","countries":["Australia"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":1,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[7,5,2,2,5,-6],"core":"Free enterprise, individual responsibility, resource exports, national security, border control.","econ":"Tax cuts, deregulation, private health incentives, mining and gas development.","org":"Federalism, parliamentary democracy.","note":"The word 'liberal' here denotes economic liberalism, not the American usage — a naming collision that regularly confuses cross-country comparison.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +7: tax cuts, deregulation and resource development.","items":[{"t":"The 2019 and 2024 income tax packages flattened the rate structure.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: social conservatism with a small-l liberal wing.","items":[{"t":"The 2017 same-sex marriage postal survey was a device to avoid a party split.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: parliamentary and constitutional throughout.","items":[{"t":"Has governed and lost office by election continuously since 1949.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: federalist in doctrine and centralising in fiscal practice.","items":[{"t":"The GST centralised revenue collection while distributing it to states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: border control as a defining electoral commitment.","items":[{"t":"Operation Sovereign Borders from 2013 turned back maritime arrivals.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: entirely electoral.","items":[{"t":"The coalition arrangement with the Nationals has held since 1946.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sinnfein","n":"Sinn Féin","aka":"","yr":"1905–","pl":"Ireland","region":"Europe","countries":["Ireland"],"fam":"Left Nationalist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-5,-4,-2,-1,4,-3],"core":"Irish reunification by referendum, housing and health investment, workers' rights.","econ":"Public housebuilding, rent freezes, higher taxes on high earners and wealth, retained low corporate tax.","org":"Parliamentary in both jurisdictions; power-sharing under the Good Friday Agreement.","note":"Formerly linked to an armed campaign and now the largest party in the Northern Ireland Assembly — a documented transition from the coercive to the constitutional end of the method axis.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: public housebuilding, rent freezes and higher taxes on wealth.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to build 20,000 homes a year and to a wealth tax, with the low corporate rate retained.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: socially liberal on both sides of the border.","items":[{"t":"Campaigned for marriage equality and abortion access in both jurisdictions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: power-sharing under the Good Friday Agreement.","items":[{"t":"Holds the office of First Minister in Northern Ireland under mandatory coalition.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −1: reunification by referendum with devolved institutions in the interim.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to a border poll under the Agreement's own mechanism.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: an Irish national community defined partly by tradition.","items":[{"t":"The party's frame is national reunification rather than civic state membership.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: a documented traverse from an armed campaign to constitutional politics.","items":[{"t":"The IRA declared a ceasefire in 1994 and decommissioned in 2005.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1981,"a":[-6,-1,4,-2,6,8],"note":"Armalite and ballot box: electoral participation alongside an armed campaign."},{"y":1998,"a":[-5,-3,1,-1,5,2],"note":"Good Friday Agreement signed; ceasefire in place since 1994."},{"y":2010,"a":[-5,-4,-1,-1,4,-2],"note":"Decommissioning completed in 2005; power-sharing normalised."},{"y":2024,"a":[-5,-4,-2,-1,4,-3],"note":"Largest party in the Northern Ireland Assembly and holder of the First Minister's office."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"fiannafail","n":"Fianna Fáil","aka":"","yr":"1926–","pl":"Ireland","region":"Europe","countries":["Ireland"],"fam":"Centrist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[3,2,-3,1,2,-7],"core":"Republican tradition, pragmatic centrism, social partnership, EU membership.","econ":"Low corporate tax, foreign investment, social partnership wage agreements, mixed provision.","org":"Parliamentary democracy with proportional representation by single transferable vote.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: low corporate tax, foreign investment and social partnership.","items":[{"t":"The 12.5% corporate rate was introduced under a Fianna Fáil government in the late 1990s.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: a Catholic republican tradition that legislated liberalisation.","items":[{"t":"Divorce was legalised by referendum in 1995 and abortion in 2018, both under cross-party campaigns.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: parliamentary democracy under proportional representation by single transferable vote.","items":[{"t":"STV has produced coalition government as the norm since the 1980s.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: a unitary state with EU membership.","items":[{"t":"Ireland has among the weakest local government of any EU state.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: a republican national tradition with civic citizenship.","items":[{"t":"The 2004 referendum ended unconditional birthright citizenship.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: electoral throughout, from origins in the losing side of a civil war.","items":[{"t":"Entered the Dáil in 1927 and has been the most frequent party of government since.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ppkorea","n":"Korean Party Blocs","aka":"PPP / DP","yr":"1987–","pl":"South Korea","region":"Asia","countries":["Korea","South Korea"],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,3,2,6,5,-5],"core":"Two dominant blocs divided principally on North Korea policy, prosecutorial power and regional loyalty rather than on economics.","econ":"Conglomerate-led export economy with expanding welfare under both blocs.","org":"Presidential democracy with frequent prosecution of former presidents; a 2024 martial law declaration reversed within hours by the legislature.","note":"Coded as a bloc average at low confidence, because the two parties differ far less on the six axes than their mutual rhetoric implies.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: a conglomerate-led export economy with expanding welfare under both blocs.","items":[{"t":"Basic pension and long-term care insurance were introduced under governments of both blocs.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: socially conservative on family law with rapid liberalisation in practice.","items":[{"t":"Abortion was decriminalised by constitutional court ruling in 2019; same-sex unions remain unrecognised.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2 with low confidence: a functioning democracy that reversed a martial law declaration within hours.","items":[{"t":"Martial law was declared in December 2024 and voted down by the national assembly the same night; the president was impeached and removed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a highly centralised state with a proposed capital relocation.","items":[{"t":"Administrative functions were partially relocated to Sejong from 2012.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: one of the most restrictive naturalisation regimes among OECD democracies.","items":[{"t":"Naturalisation requires renunciation of prior citizenship in most cases and remains rare.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: constitutional, with a martial law declaration reversed within hours.","items":[{"t":"The December 2024 declaration was voted down by the assembly the same night and the president removed by impeachment.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sisi","n":"Egyptian Military Republic","aka":"Sisi","yr":"2013–","pl":"Egypt","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Egypt"],"fam":"Military Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,8,10,9,4,-4],"core":"Stability and national security under military stewardship, with Islamists and secular dissidents both excluded.","econ":"Military-owned enterprises across the civilian economy, IMF programmes, subsidy reform, mega-projects.","org":"Elections without competition, mass imprisonment of opponents, constitutional amendments extending presidential terms.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: military-owned enterprise across the civilian economy under an IMF programme.","items":[{"t":"Military-linked firms hold positions in construction, food, cement and infrastructure.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: a security-first social order with religious institutions under state direction.","items":[{"t":"Al-Azhar and the media were brought under closer state control after 2013.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling for an elected government: mass imprisonment and uncontested elections.","items":[{"t":"Tens of thousands of political prisoners; the Rabaa dispersal in 2013 killed at least 800 in a day.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Constitutional amendments in 2019 extended the presidential term and permitted a further term.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: a highly centralised state with appointed governors and a new capital.","items":[{"t":"Governors are appointed by the president; a new administrative capital was built by decree.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4 after the v2.2 review: political rather than ascriptive exclusion.","items":[{"t":"Coptic church construction was legalised in 2016 while Islamist organisations were banned.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: power taken by coup and then institutionalised.","items":[{"t":"The elected president was removed in July 2013 and died in custody in 2019.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":6,"to":4,"why":"The regime's exclusions are political rather than ascriptive, and Coptic Christians received formal state protection during the period. Repression is recorded on the authority axis, where it belongs."}]},{"id":"gerindra","n":"Indonesian Coalition Politics","aka":"Gerindra / PDI-P","yr":"1999–","pl":"Indonesia","region":"Asia","countries":["Indonesia"],"fam":"Big-Tent","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[2,5,4,4,4,-5],"core":"Developmentalist coalitions organised around personalities and patronage rather than programmatic difference.","econ":"Resource downstreaming policy, fuel subsidies, infrastructure, free school meals programme.","org":"Competitive presidential democracy with contested judicial rulings on candidate eligibility.","note":"Coded at low confidence: the party system organises around coalitions, not ideological positions.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: resource downstreaming, fuel subsidies and a national free meals programme.","items":[{"t":"Nickel ore exports were banned in 2020 to force domestic processing.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: a conservative religious frame within a pluralist constitution.","items":[{"t":"The 2022 criminal code criminalised extramarital sex; Pancasila pluralism remains constitutional.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4 with low confidence: competitive presidential democracy with contested eligibility rulings.","items":[{"t":"A 2023 constitutional court ruling altered the age requirement in a way that permitted the sitting president's son to stand as vice-president.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with special autonomy for Aceh and Papua.","items":[{"t":"Special autonomy statutes operate in both regions alongside central security deployment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: Pancasila pluralism with restrictions on unrecognised faiths.","items":[{"t":"Six religions are officially recognised; others face registration difficulties.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: competitive presidential democracy throughout.","items":[{"t":"Power has transferred by election in 2004, 2014 and 2024.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"likud","n":"Likud","aka":"","yr":"1973–","pl":"Israel","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Israel"],"fam":"National Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[6,6,5,3,7,-3],"core":"Security-first nationalism, settlement of the West Bank, free-market economics, judicial restraint.","econ":"Privatisation, deregulation, technology-sector growth, reduced transfers.","org":"Parliamentary democracy; pursued a judicial overhaul in 2023 that produced the largest protests in the country's history.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Market-oriented: the 2003 reforms under the current prime minister as finance minister were among the deepest in Israeli history.","items":[{"t":"The 2003 emergency economic plan cut transfer payments, raised the retirement age and privatised state holdings.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: traditionalist coalition politics with a secular liberal party history.","items":[{"t":"Governs in coalition with parties committed to religious authority over personal status law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5. The 2023 judicial legislation is the basis; it was partially passed, then struck down.","items":[{"t":"The reasonableness standard for judicial review of executive appointments was legislated away in July 2023 and annulled by the supreme court in January 2024.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The proposals prompted the largest sustained protests in the state's history.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: unitary with settlement administration outside the ordinary municipal system.","items":[{"t":"West Bank settlements are administered under military order rather than civil law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: the 2018 Basic Law defines national self-determination as belonging to one people.","items":[{"t":"The Nation-State Basic Law of 2018 removed Arabic's status as an official language and named Jewish settlement a national value.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: entirely electoral, with the judicial overhaul pursued through legislation.","items":[{"t":"Has alternated in and out of government repeatedly since 1977.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1977,"a":[4,5,2,3,6,-3],"note":"First non-Labour government in Israeli history; the Histadrut economy begins to be dismantled."},{"y":1996,"a":[6,5,2,3,6,-3],"note":"Oslo framework constrained rather than reversed."},{"y":2015,"a":[6,6,3,3,7,-3],"note":"The Nation-State Basic Law follows in 2018."},{"y":2024,"a":[6,6,5,3,7,-3],"note":"Judicial overhaul legislated and partly annulled by the supreme court."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"yeshatid","n":"Yesh Atid","aka":"","yr":"2012–","pl":"Israel","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Israel"],"fam":"Liberal Centrist","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,-4,-6,2,3,-6],"core":"Secular middle-class liberalism, defence of the supreme court, conscription equality, two-state pragmatism.","econ":"Market economy with cost-of-living intervention and reduced subsidies to non-working sectors.","org":"Strong judicial review, written constitution, parliamentary democracy.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: market economy with cost-of-living intervention.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to reduce import barriers and subsidies to non-working sectors.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: secular liberalism on religion and state.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to civil marriage, public transport on the Sabbath and conscription of the ultra-Orthodox.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: defence of judicial review as the party's central recent commitment.","items":[{"t":"Led the parliamentary opposition to the 2023 judicial overhaul and supported the protest movement against it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary state with two-state pragmatism.","items":[{"t":"Programme accepts separation from the Palestinians as a demographic necessity.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a Jewish and democratic state with civil equality commitments.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to civil marriage and to equal conscription obligations.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: parliamentary throughout.","items":[{"t":"Founded in 2012 and has served in and out of government since.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"religzion","n":"Religious Zionism","aka":"","yr":"1902–","pl":"Israel","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Israel"],"fam":"Religious Nationalist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[4,10,6,2,9,2],"core":"Jewish sovereignty over the whole land as a religious obligation; annexation and expanded settlement.","econ":"Subsidy and land allocation to settlement, market economy otherwise.","org":"Parliamentary; advocates legislative override of supreme court rulings.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: settlement subsidy within a market economy.","items":[{"t":"Budget allocations to settlement infrastructure rose sharply after 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: religious law over public life and personal status.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to gender segregation in public events and to restricting Pride marches.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: legislative override of supreme court rulings as a stated aim.","items":[{"t":"The party's coalition agreement in 2022 included an override clause proposal.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: annexation of the West Bank as a programme commitment.","items":[{"t":"The 2022 coalition agreement stated the intention to apply sovereignty to the territories.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: sovereignty over the land framed as a religious obligation of one people.","items":[{"t":"The programme derives territorial claims from covenant rather than from citizenship.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: electoral, with a base implicated in settler violence.","items":[{"t":"The US and EU imposed sanctions on settler individuals and outposts in 2024.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"iranreform","n":"Iranian Reformists","aka":"","yr":"1997–","pl":"Iran","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Iran"],"fam":"Islamic Liberal","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[2,4,-2,3,5,-6],"core":"Rule of law, civil society, press freedom and détente, within rather than against the Islamic Republic.","econ":"Privatisation, foreign investment, sanctions relief, subsidy reform.","org":"Elected institutions strengthened relative to unelected ones; candidates routinely disqualified before elections.","note":"Included to show that the internal variation within a single regime can exceed the variation between some separate countries.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: privatisation and foreign investment within a state-dominated economy.","items":[{"t":"The 2015 nuclear agreement was pursued largely for sanctions relief and investment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: liberalising within a theocratic frame rather than against it.","items":[{"t":"Campaigns have focused on press freedom and enforcement of dress codes rather than on abolishing them.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: strengthening elected institutions relative to unelected ones.","items":[{"t":"Khatami's 1997–2005 presidency expanded press licensing and civil society before reversal.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with détente abroad.","items":[{"t":"The dialogue among civilisations initiative was the movement's foreign-policy signature.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: within the confessional membership rule of the republic.","items":[{"t":"Reformists have not challenged the constitutional exclusion of unrecognised minorities.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: working inside the system, and repressed for it.","items":[{"t":"The 2009 Green Movement leaders have been under house arrest since 2011 without trial.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"leftpop","n":"Left Populism","aka":"Laclau, Mouffe","yr":"2005–","pl":"Europe, Latin America","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Left Populist","t":"school","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-7,-5,2,1,-5,0],"core":"Construct a popular majority against an oligarchic elite; treat conflict, not consensus, as the substance of democracy.","econ":"Redistribution, public ownership of utilities, debt relief, industrial policy.","org":"Constituent processes and referendums; a strong identification of the movement with a single leader.","note":"Shares the populist authority structure with the radical right while inverting almost every other axis. This is exactly the pair that a one-dimensional model handles worst.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: redistribution and public ownership of utilities.","items":[{"t":"Programmes in this family centre on utility renationalisation, debt relief and industrial policy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: progressive on social questions, though the theory is indifferent to them.","items":[{"t":"Laclau and Mouffe's theory concerns the construction of a people, not the content of its demands.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: constituent processes combined with strong identification of movement and leader.","items":[{"t":"On Populist Reason treats the leader as the point at which disparate demands become a single subject.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +1: national redistribution with regional and international solidarity.","items":[{"t":"The family has produced both EU-sceptic and EU-reformist variants.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: the people constructed politically rather than ethnically.","items":[{"t":"Mouffe distinguishes the construction of a people from ethnic nationalism explicitly.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: agonistic conflict within democratic institutions.","items":[{"t":"The theory treats conflict as constitutive of democracy rather than as a failure of it.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"socialliberal","n":"Social Liberalism","aka":"Rawlsian liberalism","yr":"1971–","pl":"Global North","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"school","pw":2,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[1,-6,-6,2,-7,-7],"core":"Equal basic liberties first, then fair equality of opportunity, then inequalities only where they benefit the worst off.","econ":"Market economy with substantial redistribution, public education and health, and a property-owning base.","org":"Constitutional democracy with entrenched rights and judicial review.","note":"The default normative framework of most Western public institutions since the 1970s, and therefore the position most often mistaken for neutrality.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: market economy with substantial redistribution.","items":[{"t":"A Theory of Justice (1971) permits inequality only where it benefits the least advantaged.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: equal basic liberties as lexically prior to everything else.","items":[{"t":"The first principle of justice takes priority over the distributive one in Rawls's ordering.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: entrenched rights and judicial review.","items":[{"t":"The framework places basic liberties beyond ordinary majority revision.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a national scheme of cooperation, extended internationally with difficulty.","items":[{"t":"The Law of Peoples applies a weaker principle across borders than within them, a much-criticised move.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −7: the original position excludes knowledge of one's own social position by construction.","items":[{"t":"The veil of ignorance removes nationality, class and talent from the deliberation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: reform through constitutional and legislative means.","items":[{"t":"The theory is addressed to the design of institutions rather than to their overthrow.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"natcon","n":"National Conservatism","aka":"NatCon","yr":"2019–","pl":"US, Europe, Israel","region":"Transnational","countries":["Israel","United States"],"fam":"National Conservative","t":"school","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,8,4,3,7,-2],"core":"The nation as the largest unit of real solidarity; explicit rejection of both cosmopolitan liberalism and libertarian economics.","econ":"Industrial policy, tariffs, family subsidies, scepticism of large technology firms, opposition to unrestricted trade.","org":"Majoritarian democracy with reduced scope for judicial and administrative independence.","note":"The most theoretically developed statement of the contemporary right's break with market liberalism, and a good test of whether an observer is tracking policy or tribe.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: an explicit break with market liberalism on the right.","items":[{"t":"The 2019 statement of principles rejects both cosmopolitan liberalism and libertarian economics by name.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: the nation as the largest unit of real solidarity, with religion in public life.","items":[{"t":"The statement names the Bible and national religious tradition as public goods.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: majoritarian democracy with reduced scope for judicial and administrative independence.","items":[{"t":"The statement criticises rule by unelected judges and administrators explicitly.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national sovereignty against supranational bodies.","items":[{"t":"The statement opposes transferring authority to international institutions.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: national belonging treated as constitutive rather than procedural.","items":[{"t":"Immigration restriction is argued from cultural continuity rather than from labour market effects.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: change through elections, appointments and legislation.","items":[{"t":"The movement's method has been institutional capture rather than rupture.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"legalism","n":"Chinese Legalism","aka":"Fajia, Han Feizi","yr":"c.400–200 BCE","pl":"China","region":"Asia","countries":["China"],"fam":"Statist","t":"school","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[-2,7,10,10,2,5],"core":"Human nature is self-interested, so order requires impersonal law, systematic reward and punishment, and a ruler whose authority is unquestionable.","econ":"State monopolies on salt and iron, agriculture and war as the only honoured occupations, suppression of merchants.","org":"Absolute centralised sovereignty; abolition of hereditary aristocracy in favour of appointed administrators; collective punishment.","note":"Two thousand years before Hobbes, and considerably more thorough. The Qin unification was built on it and it collapsed in fifteen years.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: state monopolies and agriculture privileged over commerce.","items":[{"t":"The Discourses on Salt and Iron record the debate over state monopolies established under this doctrine.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: hierarchy enforced by law rather than by ritual.","items":[{"t":"Han Feizi rejects the Confucian claim that moral example governs, in favour of standards and penalties.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: the ruler's authority placed beyond question by design.","items":[{"t":"The Book of Lord Shang argues that a weak people makes a strong state.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"At the ceiling: hereditary aristocracy abolished in favour of centrally appointed administrators.","items":[{"t":"Qin abolished feudal enfeoffment and established the commandery-county system in 221 BCE.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: status by conduct and merit rather than by birth.","items":[{"t":"Rank was awarded for military achievement rather than lineage under the Shang reforms.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +5: transformation imposed by statute and collective punishment.","items":[{"t":"Households were organised into mutual-responsibility groups liable for each other's offences.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"confucian","n":"Confucian Meritocracy","aka":"Ru, the scholar-official ideal","yr":"c.200 BCE–1905","pl":"China, Korea, Vietnam","region":"Asia","countries":["China","Korea","Vietnam"],"fam":"Traditionalist","t":"school","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":0,"a":[2,9,6,6,1,-8],"core":"Rule by the morally cultivated, legitimated by virtue rather than birth or force, within a hierarchy of reciprocal obligation.","econ":"Agrarian primacy, light taxation as a moral duty, suspicion of commerce, the well-field ideal of land distribution.","org":"An emperor bound by ritual propriety and the mandate of heaven, administered by an examination-selected bureaucracy.","note":"Scores low on exclusion because the examinations were in principle open to any male commoner — a startlingly universalist recruitment rule for its era.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: agrarian primacy and light taxation as moral obligations.","items":[{"t":"The Mencius treats a ruler who taxes heavily during famine as having forfeited the mandate.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: a hierarchy of reciprocal obligation running through family and state.","items":[{"t":"The five relationships of the Analects structure the entire social order.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: an emperor bound by ritual and the mandate of heaven, with no institutional check.","items":[{"t":"The Mencius permits the removal of a ruler who has lost the mandate, without specifying any procedure.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a unitary empire administered by an examination-selected bureaucracy.","items":[{"t":"The examination system operated from 605 to 1905, the longest-running meritocratic recruitment in history.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: examinations open in principle to any male commoner.","items":[{"t":"Sons of merchants and artisans sat and passed the examinations; the criterion was learning rather than lineage.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the floor: rectification of names and restoration rather than change.","items":[{"t":"Confucius described himself as a transmitter rather than an innovator.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"taiping","n":"Taiping Heavenly Kingdom","aka":"","yr":"1851–1864","pl":"China","region":"Asia","countries":["China"],"fam":"Millenarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-9,6,10,9,6,10],"core":"A Christian-derived millenarian order abolishing private landholding, opium, footbinding and the Confucian examination system at once.","econ":"All land held in common and redistributed by household size; communal treasuries; abolition of private trade.","org":"Theocratic kingship under a leader claiming to be the younger brother of Jesus; total military organisation of civil life.","note":"The deadliest civil war in recorded history, and a warning against assuming that radical land collectivism is a modern or a Marxist idea.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor: all land held in common and redistributed by household size.","items":[{"t":"The Land System of the Heavenly Kingdom (1853) abolished private landholding and private trade.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: footbinding and opium banned, alongside a theocratic moral code.","items":[{"t":"Sexes were segregated into separate camps and adultery was capital.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: theocratic kingship with no institution outside it.","items":[{"t":"The leader claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus and ruled by revelation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: total military organisation of civil life.","items":[{"t":"The population was organised into military units of twenty-five families.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: anti-Manchu ethnic exclusion and religious exclusivity.","items":[{"t":"Manchu populations of captured cities were killed; Confucian and Buddhist practice was banned.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the ceiling: fourteen years of war estimated among the deadliest conflicts in history.","items":[{"t":"Death toll estimates range from 20 to 30 million.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"islmod","n":"Islamic Modernism","aka":"al-Afghani, Abduh","yr":"1870–1940","pl":"Egypt, India, Ottoman lands","region":"Transnational","countries":["Egypt","India","Turkey"],"fam":"Reformist","t":"school","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[3,3,-3,2,4,-5],"core":"Islam is compatible with reason, science and constitutional government; decline came from imitation, not from the faith.","econ":"Commercial modernisation, education, opposition to colonial economic domination.","org":"Constitutionalism, consultative assemblies, legal reform within an Islamic frame.","note":"The tradition that both Islamism and Muslim secular liberalism claim as an ancestor, which is why the label is fought over.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: commercial modernisation against colonial economic domination.","items":[{"t":"Abduh and Rida argued for the legitimacy of banking and modern commerce within Islamic law.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: reform of practice within a religious frame.","items":[{"t":"Abduh issued rulings permitting Western dress and bank interest under specified conditions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: constitutionalism and consultative assemblies.","items":[{"t":"The tradition supported the Ottoman and Persian constitutional movements of 1876 and 1906.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: pan-Islamic solidarity within reforming states.","items":[{"t":"Al-Afghani campaigned across Egypt, Persia, India and the Ottoman lands for a common front.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a confessional community as the frame, with civic reform inside it.","items":[{"t":"The appeal was to the umma rather than to a nation, and was conversion-open by definition.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: reform through education, journalism and law.","items":[{"t":"Al-Manar journal was the movement's principal instrument from 1898.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sunyatsen","n":"Three Principles of the People","aka":"Sun Yat-sen","yr":"1905–1925","pl":"China","region":"Asia","countries":["China"],"fam":"Nationalist / Republican","t":"school","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-3,1,3,6,4,6],"core":"Nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood, delivered through a period of party tutelage before full self-government.","econ":"Land value taxation borrowed from Henry George, state ownership of natural monopolies, capital regulation.","org":"Five-power constitution adding examination and control branches to the Western three; an explicit authoritarian transition phase.","note":"Claimed as founding doctrine by both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party, which have occupied opposite coordinates for a century.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: land value taxation and state ownership of natural monopolies.","items":[{"t":"The principle of people's livelihood borrows Henry George's land value tax explicitly.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: modernising and anti-Manchu, without a settled social programme.","items":[{"t":"The queue was abolished and footbinding banned after 1911.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: an explicit period of party tutelage before self-government.","items":[{"t":"The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction specify military, tutelary and constitutional phases.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a unitary republic against warlord fragmentation.","items":[{"t":"The Northern Expedition of 1926–28 was fought to unify the country by force.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a nationalism initially anti-Manchu and later framed as five peoples in union.","items":[{"t":"The five-races-under-one-union flag replaced the earlier anti-Manchu framing after 1912.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: revolution as the founding method.","items":[{"t":"Ten failed uprisings preceded the successful one in 1911.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"cup","n":"Young Turks","aka":"Committee of Union and Progress","yr":"1889–1918","pl":"Ottoman Empire","region":"Europe","countries":["Turkey"],"fam":"Authoritarian Modernising","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[2,3,9,9,8,8],"core":"Constitutional restoration turned within a decade into a centralising nationalist dictatorship.","econ":"National economy programme transferring commerce from minority communities to Muslim Turkish hands.","org":"Restored parliament in 1908, then a party-military triumvirate ruling by emergency decree.","note":"Perpetrated the Armenian genocide. A constitutional-liberal movement that arrived at exclusionary dictatorship in nine years, without changing its name.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: a national economy programme transferring commerce to Muslim Turkish hands.","items":[{"t":"Minority-owned businesses were expropriated or boycotted under the milli iktisat policy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: constitutional and secularising, then nationalist.","items":[{"t":"The 1908 restoration was framed as liberty, equality, fraternity and justice.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: a party-military triumvirate ruling by emergency decree.","items":[{"t":"The 1913 raid on the Sublime Porte installed a three-man dictatorship.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: centralisation against Ottoman decentralist and Arab autonomist currents.","items":[{"t":"The 1913 provincial law increased central control rather than devolving it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the exclusionary end: the Armenian genocide.","items":[{"t":"The 1915 deportations and killings are estimated at around one million deaths.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: a constitutional movement that arrived at dictatorship in nine years.","items":[{"t":"Power was taken by military conspiracy in 1908 and by coup in 1913.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"haiti","n":"Haitian Revolution","aka":"","yr":"1791–1804","pl":"Saint-Domingue / Haiti","region":"Americas","countries":["Haiti"],"fam":"Emancipatory","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[0,-4,5,4,-8,10],"core":"The only successful large-scale slave revolt in history, converting the universal claims of the French Revolution into universal practice.","econ":"Plantation land broken up over time into smallholdings; early attempts to retain export agriculture under compulsion.","org":"Military leadership hardening into imperial and then presidential rule; the 1805 constitution abolished slavery absolutely.","note":"Scores at the universalist extreme of the membership axis. France demanded reparations for the loss of its slaves until 1947, which is a fact about the axis and about the era.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at zero: plantations retained under compulsion, then broken into smallholdings.","items":[{"t":"Toussaint's 1801 constitution retained plantation labour; land fragmented into peasant holdings after 1804.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: legal equality across colour in a slave society.","items":[{"t":"The 1801 constitution declared all persons born free and equal regardless of colour.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: military leadership hardening into imperial and presidential rule.","items":[{"t":"Dessalines was proclaimed emperor in 1804 and assassinated in 1806.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a centralised state under permanent external threat.","items":[{"t":"The state maintained a standing army against expected French reinvasion.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the universalist pole: slavery abolished absolutely and unconditionally.","items":[{"t":"The 1805 constitution abolished slavery forever and barred foreign ownership of land.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the ceiling: the only successful large-scale slave revolt in history.","items":[{"t":"The revolt began in 1791 and defeated Spanish, British and French armies over thirteen years.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bolivar","n":"Bolivarian Republicanism","aka":"Simón Bolívar","yr":"1810–1830","pl":"Northern South America","region":"Americas","countries":[],"fam":"Republican","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[5,1,5,5,1,8],"core":"Independence from Spain and a federated Spanish American republic, governed by strong executives because the population was judged unready for more.","econ":"Free trade, abolition of tribute and eventually of slavery, retained landed elite.","org":"Presidential republics with a proposed lifetime presidency and hereditary senate; centralism against provincial caudillos.","note":"Invoked by governments across the entire economic axis for two centuries. Included partly as a test case for name-versus-position.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: free trade with a retained landed elite.","items":[{"t":"Tribute and slavery were abolished progressively; land tenure was largely untouched.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: republican and modernising within a Catholic society.","items":[{"t":"Church privileges were reduced without disestablishment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: strong executives justified by a judgement that the population was unready.","items":[{"t":"The 1826 Bolivian constitution proposed a lifetime presidency and a hereditary senate.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: centralism against provincial caudillos, and a federated Spanish America.","items":[{"t":"The 1826 Panama Congress attempted a league of the new republics.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: citizenship across colour lines, with literacy and property qualifications.","items":[{"t":"The Angostura address argued for a single American identity across racial categories.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: independence won by fifteen years of war.","items":[{"t":"The campaigns ran from 1810 to 1825 across six modern countries.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"porfiriato","n":"Positivist Developmentalism","aka":"Porfiriato, científicos","yr":"1876–1911","pl":"Mexico","region":"Americas","countries":["Mexico"],"fam":"Technocratic Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[8,6,9,8,7,-4],"core":"Order and progress: scientific administration, foreign investment and social peace enforced by the rural police.","econ":"Railways and mines opened to foreign capital, communal indigenous land privatised and seized, export boom.","org":"Repeated re-election under managed elections, censored press, regional strongmen bound to the centre.","note":"The regime the Mexican Revolution overthrew, and the origin of the phrase 'order and progress' now on the Brazilian flag.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +8: railways and mines opened to foreign capital.","items":[{"t":"Around 80% of mining and most rail was foreign-owned by 1910.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: positivist order and progress over indigenous and popular culture.","items":[{"t":"The científicos framed policy as scientific administration of a backward population.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: repeated re-election under managed elections and a censored press.","items":[{"t":"Díaz held office for 31 years; the 1908 promise of free elections was withdrawn.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: regional strongmen bound to the centre by the rurales.","items":[{"t":"The rural guard enforced central authority across the states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: communal indigenous land privatised and seized.","items":[{"t":"The Yaqui were deported to Yucatán as forced labour; communal ejido land was broken up by survey companies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: order maintained rather than transformation pursued.","items":[{"t":"Pan o palo — bread or the club — was the regime's own summary of its method.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ambedkar","n":"Ambedkarism","aka":"Navayana, Dalit emancipation","yr":"1927–","pl":"India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"Emancipatory","t":"school","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-5,-9,-3,3,-9,-3],"core":"Annihilation of caste as the precondition of any real democracy; constitutional rights and affirmative action as the instrument.","econ":"State socialism in key industries and agriculture, written into a proposed constitutional guarantee.","org":"Constitutional democracy with entrenched rights, judicial review and reserved representation for oppressed castes.","note":"Wrote the Indian constitution. Sits at the universalist extreme of the membership axis and is regularly and wrongly filed as a sectional interest.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: state socialism in industry and agriculture, proposed as a constitutional guarantee.","items":[{"t":"States and Minorities (1947) proposed constitutionally mandated state ownership of key industry and land.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the liberal pole: caste treated as the thing to be annihilated rather than reformed.","items":[{"t":"Annihilation of Caste (1936) argues that caste cannot be reformed and must be destroyed with its scriptural basis.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: entrenched rights and judicial review as the instrument.","items":[{"t":"Chaired the drafting committee of a constitution with justiciable fundamental rights.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a strong central state as the guarantor against local domination.","items":[{"t":"Argued that village republics were sites of oppression rather than of democracy.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the universalist pole: constitutional equality with reserved representation as a remedy.","items":[{"t":"Article 17 of the Indian constitution abolishes untouchability outright.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: constitutional method, with mass conversion as the final act.","items":[{"t":"Converted to Buddhism with around 400,000 followers in October 1956.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"negritude","n":"Négritude and Fanonism","aka":"Césaire, Senghor, Fanon","yr":"1935–1975","pl":"Francophone Africa, Caribbean","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Anti-colonial","t":"school","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-6,-4,-1,-2,3,6],"core":"Colonisation deforms the coloniser and the colonised alike; liberation requires cultural self-recovery as well as political independence.","econ":"African socialism rooted in communal tradition rather than imported class analysis.","org":"Varied from Senghor's parliamentary presidency to Fanon's defence of revolutionary violence as psychologically necessary.","note":"Two of its central figures disagreed sharply on the method axis while agreeing on everything else — a good illustration of why method is coded separately.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: African socialism rooted in communal tradition.","items":[{"t":"Senghor's African socialism was framed as recovering communal practice rather than importing class analysis.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: cultural self-recovery against colonial devaluation.","items":[{"t":"Césaire's Discourse on Colonialism (1950) argues colonisation decivilises the coloniser.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: the tradition split sharply on institutional form.","items":[{"t":"Senghor governed as an elected president for twenty years and resigned voluntarily in 1980.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: federation attempted and abandoned.","items":[{"t":"The Mali Federation of Senegal and French Sudan lasted two months in 1960.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a shared civilisational identity rather than a state membership rule.","items":[{"t":"The concept was defined culturally and diasporically, spanning Africa and the Caribbean.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: the split between Senghor and Fanon runs entirely along this axis.","items":[{"t":"The Wretched of the Earth (1961) defends anticolonial violence as psychologically necessary; Senghor negotiated independence.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"buenvivir","n":"Buen Vivir","aka":"Sumak kawsay","yr":"2000–","pl":"Ecuador, Bolivia","region":"Americas","countries":["Bolivia","Ecuador"],"fam":"Ecological / Indigenous","t":"school","pw":2,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-7,-4,-4,-7,4,-1],"core":"Wellbeing defined communally and ecologically rather than by growth; nature granted enforceable rights in the constitution.","econ":"Communal land and water, plurinational resource governance, limits on extraction — in tension with the resource revenue the same governments rely on.","org":"Plurinational state recognising indigenous legal systems alongside the national one.","note":"Written into the Ecuadorian and Bolivian constitutions and then largely overridden by extractive policy. Coded on the doctrine, not the practice.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: communal land and water against extraction.","items":[{"t":"The 2008 Ecuadorian constitution grants nature enforceable rights in Articles 71 to 74.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: indigenous cosmology against a development model.","items":[{"t":"Sumak kawsay is written into the constitution as the organising social goal.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: plurinational recognition of parallel legal systems.","items":[{"t":"The Bolivian constitution recognises indigenous justice systems alongside the ordinary courts.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −7: community and territory as the decision units.","items":[{"t":"Prior consultation on extraction is constitutionally required in both states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: membership through indigenous nationhood within a plurinational state.","items":[{"t":"Bolivia's constitution names 36 indigenous nations as constituent.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −1: constitutional in method, and largely overridden in practice.","items":[{"t":"Both governments expanded extraction in territories the same constitutions protect.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"zanupf","n":"ZANU-PF","aka":"","yr":"1963–","pl":"Zimbabwe","region":"Africa","countries":["Zimbabwe"],"fam":"Liberation Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-4,7,8,7,7,3],"core":"Liberation-war legitimacy converted into permanent rule, land redistribution and sovereignty against Western pressure.","econ":"Fast-track land seizure from 2000, state marketing boards, hyperinflation, indigenisation quotas on foreign firms.","org":"Elections held and contested results suppressed; a 2017 military intervention replaced the leader without changing the party.","note":"One of several cases where a genuine liberation movement and a durable authoritarian party are the same organisation.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: land seizure and indigenisation quotas alongside a dollarised private economy.","items":[{"t":"The fast-track land reform from 2000 transferred most large commercial farms; the 2008 indigenisation law required 51% local ownership.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: liberation nationalism with restrictive social legislation.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex relations remain criminalised and were denounced from the presidency for decades.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: elections held and results contested, with a military intervention in 2017.","items":[{"t":"The 2008 run-off was abandoned by the opposition after killings of its supporters; the 2017 transition was executed by the army.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a centralised state with provincial administration by appointment.","items":[{"t":"Provincial ministers are appointed by the president.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: the Gukurahundi campaign and later ethnic patronage.","items":[{"t":"An estimated 20,000 civilians were killed in Matabeleland between 1983 and 1987.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: a liberation war followed by four decades of electoral rule.","items":[{"t":"Independence was won by armed struggle concluded at Lancaster House in 1979.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"rpf","n":"Rwandan Patriotic Front","aka":"RPF","yr":"1987–","pl":"Rwanda","region":"Africa","countries":["Rwanda"],"fam":"Developmental Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,4,8,8,3,2],"core":"National unity after genocide, enforced by suppressing the political salience of ethnicity and of dissent together.","econ":"State-linked investment holdings, rapid infrastructure and health gains, foreign investment, service-sector strategy.","org":"Elections won with implausible margins, restrictions on opposition and press, exceptional administrative effectiveness.","note":"Frequently cited as evidence that development justifies concentrated authority, and as evidence of what that costs. Both citations use the same coordinates.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: state-linked investment holdings within an investor-friendly market economy.","items":[{"t":"Crystal Ventures, the party's holding company, operates across construction, agriculture and services.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: gender parity in parliament alongside restrictive social policy.","items":[{"t":"Rwanda has had the world's highest share of women parliamentarians since 2008, exceeding 60%.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: elections won with margins above 98% and opponents prosecuted.","items":[{"t":"Presidential candidates have been imprisoned or barred; genocide ideology laws are used against critics.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: a highly centralised state with performance contracts down to village level.","items":[{"t":"Imihigo performance contracts bind local officials to centrally set targets.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: ethnic identity abolished as a legal category after the genocide.","items":[{"t":"Ethnic classification was removed from identity documents in 1994 and public reference to it is restricted by law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: power taken by armed victory in 1994 and institutionalised since.","items":[{"t":"The front ended the genocide militarily and has governed since.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"anc_frelimo","n":"Frelimo and MPLA","aka":"Lusophone liberation parties","yr":"1962–","pl":"Mozambique, Angola","region":"Africa","countries":["Angola","Mozambique"],"fam":"Liberation Authoritarian","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-1,4,7,7,3,2],"core":"Independence-war parties that abandoned Marxism-Leninism in the 1990s while retaining uninterrupted control of the state.","econ":"Marxist central planning until 1990, then oil, gas and diamond economies with concentrated private ownership.","org":"Multi-party constitutions with elections the founding party has never lost.","note":"The clearest example in the dataset of a party traversing the economic axis while holding still on the authority axis.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: Marxist planning abandoned for gas, oil and diamond economies with concentrated ownership.","items":[{"t":"Both parties formally abandoned Marxism-Leninism at congresses in 1989 and 1990.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: revolutionary secularism succeeded by social conservatism.","items":[{"t":"Mozambique decriminalised same-sex relations in 2015; Angola followed in 2021.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: multi-party constitutions with founding parties that have never lost.","items":[{"t":"Mozambique's 2023 local and 2024 general elections drew observer findings of irregularity and mass protest.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: unitary states with contested regional autonomy.","items":[{"t":"Mozambique's 2019 peace accord created elected provincial governors for the first time.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: non-racial and non-ethnic in doctrine, with regional patronage in practice.","items":[{"t":"Both parties were explicitly multiracial liberation movements.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: independence wars followed by long civil wars and negotiated settlements.","items":[{"t":"Angola's civil war ran from 1975 to 2002; Mozambique's from 1977 to 1992.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"apc_pdp","n":"Nigerian Party Blocs","aka":"APC / PDP","yr":"1999–","pl":"Nigeria","region":"Africa","countries":["Nigeria"],"fam":"Big-Tent Clientelist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,6,3,3,3,-5],"core":"Coalitions organised around regional and religious balance and access to oil revenue rather than around programme.","econ":"Oil rents, fuel subsidy politics, currency controls, weak formal taxation.","org":"Competitive federal democracy with alternation in 2015, alongside severe electoral irregularity and insecurity.","note":"Coded at low confidence as a bloc average. The two main parties differ far less on these axes than on which region controls the presidency.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: oil rents and subsidy politics rather than a programmatic economics.","items":[{"t":"The fuel subsidy, costing several percent of GDP, was removed in 2023 after decades of failed attempts.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religious and regional conservatism across both parties.","items":[{"t":"Twelve northern states operate sharia criminal codes alongside federal law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: genuine alternation with severe electoral irregularity.","items":[{"t":"The 2015 election produced the first defeat of an incumbent in Nigerian history and a peaceful handover.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a federation of 36 states with centralised oil revenue.","items":[{"t":"Oil revenue is collected federally and allocated to states by formula.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: an informal north-south rotation of the presidency and religious balancing.","items":[{"t":"The zoning convention alternates the presidency between regions; the 2023 ticket broke the Muslim-Christian balance.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: electoral since 1999 after decades of military rule.","items":[{"t":"Civilian government has continued unbroken since 1999.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":5,"to":3,"why":"The zoning convention balances regional and religious access to office rather than excluding anyone from membership. It was being scored as exclusion when it functions as distribution."}]},{"id":"pastef","n":"PASTEF","aka":"Senegalese sovereigntist left","yr":"2014–","pl":"Senegal","region":"Africa","countries":["Senegal"],"fam":"Left Sovereigntist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-5,4,0,3,4,-2],"core":"Anti-corruption, monetary and resource sovereignty, renegotiation of colonial-era arrangements, social conservatism.","econ":"Renegotiated oil and gas contracts, exit debate over the CFA franc, agricultural self-sufficiency, expanded social spending.","org":"Won the presidency in 2024 weeks after its leaders were released from prison; alternation accepted by the outgoing government.","note":"Left economics with culturally conservative positions — a common configuration outside Europe and one that European labels handle badly.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: resource sovereignty and expanded social spending.","items":[{"t":"Oil and gas contracts and fishing agreements were placed under review in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: economically left and socially conservative.","items":[{"t":"Leadership has affirmed the criminalisation of homosexuality while campaigning on anti-corruption.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded at zero: won office by election after its leaders were imprisoned, and the incumbent conceded.","items":[{"t":"The election was held ten days after the leaders' release under an amnesty; the outgoing president conceded immediately.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with West African regional commitments.","items":[{"t":"Remained in ECOWAS and mediated with the departing Sahel states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: national sovereignty with a conservative religious frame.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to renegotiate colonial-era arrangements; homosexuality remains criminalised.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: electoral, from imprisonment to office in weeks.","items":[{"t":"Leaders were released under an amnesty ten days before the 2024 election and won it.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nrm","n":"National Resistance Movement","aka":"NRM","yr":"1986–","pl":"Uganda","region":"Africa","countries":["Uganda"],"fam":"Liberation Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,8,8,6,4,1],"core":"A no-party 'movement' system justified as transcending ethnic division, later formally multi-party without changing who governs.","econ":"Liberalised, donor-supported, oil development, strong growth from a low base.","org":"Presidential term and age limits removed by parliament; opposition candidates detained during campaigns.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: liberalised and donor-supported with new oil development.","items":[{"t":"State enterprises were privatised in the 1990s; oil production infrastructure is under construction with foreign partners.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: among the most restrictive social legislation in the world.","items":[{"t":"The 2023 Anti-Homosexuality Act provides for life imprisonment and, in some cases, the death penalty.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: constitutional limits removed one by one over three decades.","items":[{"t":"Presidential term limits were removed in 2005 and the age limit in 2017.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Opposition candidates have been detained during campaigns and internet access shut during elections.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a centralised state with districts multiplied for patronage.","items":[{"t":"The number of districts grew from 39 in 1990 to over 130, each with centrally funded administration.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a movement frame claiming to transcend ethnicity.","items":[{"t":"The no-party movement system was justified as preventing ethnic party formation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: power taken by guerrilla war in 1986 and held by election since.","items":[{"t":"The National Resistance Army took Kampala in January 1986 after a five-year war.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bdp","n":"Botswana Democratic Party","aka":"BDP","yr":"1962–","pl":"Botswana","region":"Africa","countries":["Botswana"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,4,-3,3,3,-8],"core":"Cautious fiscal management of diamond revenue within a continuously functioning multi-party democracy.","econ":"State-partnered diamond mining, sovereign wealth saving, orthodox macroeconomics, universal schooling.","org":"Uninterrupted competitive elections since independence, an independent judiciary, and a peaceful handover of power in 2024 after fifty-eight years in office.","note":"Included specifically as a counter-case: Africa's longest-running electoral democracy, and almost never cited in arguments about the continent.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: diamond revenue saved and invested rather than distributed.","items":[{"t":"The Pula Fund sovereign wealth vehicle was created in 1994; Debswana is a 50-50 state-De Beers joint venture.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: socially conservative with a strong constitutional court.","items":[{"t":"The high court decriminalised same-sex relations in 2019 and the ruling was upheld on appeal in 2021.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: the longest continuous multi-party democracy in Africa.","items":[{"t":"Competitive elections have been held every five years since 1965 with no coup and no suspension.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The party lost power at the 2024 election after 58 years and transferred it without incident.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with traditional authorities in an advisory chamber.","items":[{"t":"The Ntlo ya Dikgosi advises parliament on customary matters.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a dominant-Tswana national frame with recognised minorities.","items":[{"t":"The San were relocated from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, a policy partly reversed by court order in 2006.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: constitutional throughout, including in defeat.","items":[{"t":"Handed power to the opposition in 2024 after 58 years without incident.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sahel","n":"Sahel Sovereigntist Juntas","aka":"AES","yr":"2020–","pl":"Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger","region":"Africa","countries":["Burkina Faso","Mali","Niger"],"fam":"Military Sovereigntist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-2,6,9,7,4,6],"core":"Military governments claiming popular legitimacy through expulsion of French forces and rejection of regional bodies.","econ":"Nationalised mining stakes, new partnerships with Russia and Turkey, subsidy politics under insurgency.","org":"Constitutions suspended, elections postponed indefinitely, parties dissolved, journalists conscripted.","note":"Recent and volatile; coded at low confidence. Popular support for these governments is real and is not the same measurement as constitutional constraint.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: mining stakes nationalised and new external partnerships.","items":[{"t":"Niger revoked a French uranium mining permit in 2024; Mali raised state shares in gold mining.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: sovereigntist and religiously conservative framing.","items":[{"t":"Public broadcasting and education have been reoriented toward national and anti-colonial themes.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9 with low confidence: constitutions suspended and no electoral timetable honoured.","items":[{"t":"Transition charters replaced constitutions; promised election dates have been postponed repeatedly.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: centralised military administration with a new regional confederation.","items":[{"t":"The Alliance of Sahel States was formed in 2023 and became a confederation in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: sovereigntist national framing against France and against regional bodies.","items":[{"t":"The three states left ECOWAS in 2025 and formed the Alliance of Sahel States.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: power taken by coup in all three states.","items":[{"t":"Mali 2020 and 2021, Burkina Faso twice in 2022, Niger 2023.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":6,"to":4,"why":"Sovereigntist against France and regional bodies rather than exclusionary internally. The anti-colonial frame is territorial, not ancestral."}]},{"id":"sankara","n":"Sankarism","aka":"","yr":"1983–1987","pl":"Burkina Faso","region":"Africa","countries":["Burkina Faso"],"fam":"Revolutionary Socialist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-8,-6,7,5,-4,7],"core":"Self-reliance, mass literacy and vaccination, land nationalisation, and one of the earliest state feminist programmes in Africa.","econ":"Land and mineral nationalisation, refusal of foreign aid and debt service, cooperative agriculture.","org":"Revolutionary committees replacing local government; a military council; opponents tried by popular tribunals.","note":"Radically progressive on culture and membership while highly concentrated on authority. Assassinated after four years.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: land and mineral nationalisation and refusal of debt service.","items":[{"t":"All land was nationalised in 1984; the government called on African states to repudiate colonial-era debt in 1987.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: among the earliest state feminist programmes in Africa.","items":[{"t":"Female genital cutting, forced marriage and polygamy were banned; women were appointed to cabinet and the army.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: revolutionary committees replacing elected local government.","items":[{"t":"Committees for the Defence of the Revolution administered localities and ran popular tribunals.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: centralised campaigns executed through local committees.","items":[{"t":"The committees for the defence of the revolution ran national campaigns at village level.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: pan-Africanist and anti-imperial, with a national renaming.","items":[{"t":"Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso, land of upright people, in 1984.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +7: power taken by coup and exercised through mass campaigns.","items":[{"t":"A vaccination campaign immunised 2.5 million children in a week; literacy campaigns ran alongside.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"awami","n":"Awami League","aka":"","yr":"1949–","pl":"Bangladesh","region":"Asia","countries":["Bangladesh"],"fam":"Secular Nationalist","t":"regime","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-2,-2,8,6,5,0],"core":"Bengali linguistic nationalism and independence legacy, secularism against Islamist parties, developmental growth.","econ":"Garment-export-led growth, large microfinance and social safety sectors, state banking, high inequality.","org":"Won three consecutive elections that observers described as non-competitive; opposition leaders imprisoned; removed by a mass uprising in 2024.","note":"Coded to the 2009–2024 period of government. A founding democratic party that arrived at single-party practice, then fell to street protest.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: garment-led growth with a large microfinance and social safety sector.","items":[{"t":"Garment exports rose from under 5 billion dollars in 2005 to over 45 billion by 2023.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: constitutional secularism alongside Islam as the state religion.","items":[{"t":"Secularism was restored to the constitution in 2011 while the state religion clause was retained.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: three consecutive elections without meaningful competition.","items":[{"t":"The caretaker government system was abolished in 2011; the 2014, 2018 and 2024 elections were boycotted or uncontested in most seats.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Digital Security Act was used to prosecute journalists and critics.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a centralised unitary state with weak local government.","items":[{"t":"The Chittagong Hill Tracts accord of 1997 remains substantially unimplemented.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5 after the v2.2 review: Bengali linguistic nationalism as constitutive.","items":[{"t":"The Bihari and Rohingya populations remain excluded from full citizenship decades on.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: constitutional in method and removed by mass uprising in 2024.","items":[{"t":"The prime minister fled the country in August 2024 after a student-led uprising.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":4,"to":5,"why":"Raised. Bengali linguistic nationalism was constitutive of the state, and the Bihari and Rohingya populations remain excluded from full membership decades later."}]},{"id":"jamaat","n":"Jamaat-e-Islami","aka":"Maududi","yr":"1941–","pl":"Pakistan, Bangladesh, India","region":"Asia","countries":["Bangladesh","India","Pakistan"],"fam":"Islamist","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-1,9,6,4,7,1],"core":"The state as an instrument of divine sovereignty, built by a disciplined vanguard of the pious rather than by mass conversion.","econ":"Interest-free banking, zakat welfare, charitable networks, small-trader base.","org":"Contests elections where permitted; internally cadre-based with a tightly controlled membership.","note":"Maududi's writings are the single largest doctrinal influence on twentieth-century Sunni Islamism, including on movements that later rejected his electoralism.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: interest-free banking and zakat welfare with a small-trader base.","items":[{"t":"The movement built charitable and educational networks as its principal presence.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: divine sovereignty over the whole of social life.","items":[{"t":"Maududi's theory of hakimiyya makes God's sovereignty the constitutive political fact.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: a disciplined cadre vanguard that contests elections where permitted.","items":[{"t":"Membership is tiered with a probationary rank, and the party has contested Pakistani elections since 1951.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a national organisation within a pan-Islamic frame.","items":[{"t":"Separate parties operate in Pakistan, Bangladesh and India under a shared doctrine.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7 after the v2.2 review: confessional and acquirable, and tied to blasphemy statute.","items":[{"t":"The Bangladeshi wing was barred from elections in 2013 over its charter's incompatibility with the constitution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: electoral in most contexts, with a documented wartime paramilitary role.","items":[{"t":"Its Bangladeshi leaders were convicted by a war crimes tribunal for 1971 killings.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":8,"to":7,"why":"Confessional and, in the Pakistani case, tied to blasphemy statute that penalises the excluded. Reduced from the ancestral tier but held near the top of the confessional one."}]},{"id":"pti","n":"Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf","aka":"PTI","yr":"1996–","pl":"Pakistan","region":"Asia","countries":["Pakistan"],"fam":"Populist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[1,6,4,4,5,0],"core":"Anti-corruption populism, welfare expansion, national dignity against foreign influence and dynastic parties.","econ":"Health insurance card, housing programme, IMF programmes, tax base widening attempts.","org":"Elected in 2018 with military backing, removed by parliamentary vote in 2022, its leader imprisoned and its symbol removed from the 2024 ballot.","note":"Coded at low confidence. Pakistan's real authority coordinate is set substantially by an institution that does not stand in elections.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: welfare expansion under IMF conditionality.","items":[{"t":"The Sehat Sahulat health insurance card and Ehsaas transfer programme were introduced from 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religious conservatism alongside anti-corruption populism.","items":[{"t":"The government negotiated with the Tehreek-e-Labbaik movement rather than confronting it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4 with low confidence: elected, removed by parliamentary vote, then excluded from the ballot.","items":[{"t":"Removed by a no-confidence vote in 2022; its electoral symbol was withdrawn before the 2024 election, forcing candidates to run as independents.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a federation with a strong centre and a powerful military.","items":[{"t":"The 18th amendment devolved substantial powers to provinces in 2010, before the party's term.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: religious-national framing and blasphemy law unchanged.","items":[{"t":"The government supported the existing blasphemy laws and negotiated with religious movements after protests.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: electoral, with mass protest after its leader's imprisonment.","items":[{"t":"Supporters attacked military installations in May 2023 following the arrest.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"npp_jvp","n":"National People's Power","aka":"NPP / JVP","yr":"1978–","pl":"Sri Lanka","region":"Asia","countries":["Sri Lanka"],"fam":"Democratic Socialist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,-3,-2,2,-3,-4],"core":"Anti-corruption and redistribution after economic collapse, from a party that twice led armed insurrections and now governs by election.","econ":"IMF programme continued, welfare expansion, state enterprise reform, wealth taxation proposals.","org":"Won the presidency and a parliamentary supermajority in 2024 through ordinary elections.","note":"One of the clearest documented traverses of the method axis in the dataset: from insurgency in 1971 and 1987 to constitutional government in 2024.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: redistribution and anti-corruption after sovereign default.","items":[{"t":"Continued the IMF programme while renegotiating its social spending floors after taking office in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: secular and anti-corruption, from a Sinhala nationalist history.","items":[{"t":"The current programme campaigns across ethnic lines; the party's earlier insurrections were Sinhala-nationalist.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: won the presidency and a two-thirds parliamentary majority by election.","items":[{"t":"Took office in 2024 through ordinary elections and has governed within the existing constitution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary state with unimplemented devolution provisions.","items":[{"t":"The 13th amendment's provincial council powers remain partly unimplemented.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: multi-ethnic campaigning in a majority-Sinhala polity.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 campaign made explicit appeals to Tamil and Muslim voters and won seats in the north.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: the clearest traverse of the method axis in the dataset.","items":[{"t":"The JVP led armed insurrections in 1971 and 1987–89 and entered electoral politics in the 1990s.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nld_tatmadaw","n":"Myanmar: NLD and Tatmadaw","aka":"","yr":"1988–","pl":"Myanmar","region":"Asia","countries":["Myanmar"],"fam":"Contested","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[2,6,9,8,8,6],"core":"A military claiming guardianship of national unity against an elected party it twice removed by force.","econ":"Military conglomerates dominating extraction and services; sanctions; war economy.","org":"Constitution reserving a quarter of parliament to the army; 2021 coup; civil war since.","note":"Coded here as the post-2021 governing reality, not as the elected party's programme. Both entries would sit far apart and only one holds power.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: military conglomerates dominating extraction and services under sanctions.","items":[{"t":"MEHL and MEC hold interests across banking, jade, telecoms and construction.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: Buddhist nationalism deployed by the military and tolerated by the elected government.","items":[{"t":"The 2015 race and religion protection laws restricted interfaith marriage and conversion.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: the elected result annulled by force.","items":[{"t":"The 2020 election result was voided and the government detained in the February 2021 coup.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: a centralised state fighting ethnic armed organisations in most border regions.","items":[{"t":"The 2008 constitution reserves a quarter of parliament to the army and blocks amendment without it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: the Rohingya deprived of citizenship and expelled.","items":[{"t":"The 1982 citizenship law excluded the Rohingya; around 750,000 were driven into Bangladesh in 2017.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: rule sustained by armed force against a nationwide insurgency.","items":[{"t":"Airstrikes on civilian areas have been documented continuously since 2021.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"movefwd","n":"Thai Reform Bloc","aka":"Move Forward / People's Party","yr":"2020–","pl":"Thailand","region":"Asia","countries":["Thailand"],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-2,-8,-7,0,-6,-3],"core":"Military disengagement from politics, decentralisation, monarchy reform, marriage equality, conscription reform.","econ":"Anti-monopoly enforcement, welfare expansion, land reform, market economy.","org":"Won the most seats in 2023, was blocked from government by an appointed senate, and was then dissolved by the constitutional court.","note":"The most anti-concentration coordinate of any party in Asia in this dataset, and the reason it is not in office.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: anti-monopoly enforcement and welfare expansion within a market economy.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to break up alcohol and energy monopolies and to expand welfare.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −8: marriage equality, conscription reform and monarchy reform.","items":[{"t":"Marriage equality passed in 2024 with support from the reform bloc; the party had proposed amending the lèse-majesté law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −7: won the most seats and was blocked, then dissolved.","items":[{"t":"An appointed senate blocked its prime ministerial candidate in 2023; the constitutional court dissolved the party in 2024 and banned its executive for ten years.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: decentralisation to elected provincial governors is a core commitment.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to direct election of provincial governors, currently appointed.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: liberal on migrant labour and on ethnic minority rights.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to regularise migrant workers and to restore Malay language rights in the south.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: entirely electoral, and dissolved by court.","items":[{"t":"The party accepted its 2024 dissolution and reformed under a new name within days.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pheuthai","n":"Thaksinite Populism","aka":"Pheu Thai and predecessors","yr":"1998–","pl":"Thailand","region":"Asia","countries":["Thailand"],"fam":"Populist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-2,2,4,4,2,-3],"core":"Rural and provincial redistribution delivered by a business-led party, against a Bangkok establishment that has removed it repeatedly.","econ":"Universal health coverage at thirty baht per visit, village funds, rice price guarantees, debt relief.","org":"Won every election it contested and was removed twice by coup and repeatedly by court dissolution.","note":"Introduced universal health coverage to sixty million people, which is rarely mentioned in the coverage of its removals.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: universal health coverage and rural transfers within a market economy.","items":[{"t":"The 30-baht universal coverage scheme introduced in 2001 extended health care to around 47 million people.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: rural populism with a socially conservative base.","items":[{"t":"Supported marriage equality in 2024 while maintaining the lèse-majesté law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: won every election it contested and was removed by non-electoral means.","items":[{"t":"Removed by coup in 2006 and 2014 and by court dissolution in 2007 and 2008.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: centralised delivery of transfers to provincial constituencies.","items":[{"t":"Village funds and rice pledging were administered nationally.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: no distinctive membership position.","items":[{"t":"The party's cleavage is regional and class-based rather than ethnic.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: entirely electoral, with mass street mobilisation by its supporters.","items":[{"t":"The 2010 red-shirt protests were dispersed with over ninety deaths.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"marcos_duterte","n":"Philippine Personalist Blocs","aka":"Marcos / Duterte","yr":"2016–","pl":"Philippines","region":"Asia","countries":["Philippines"],"fam":"Personalist Populist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,7,6,4,4,3],"core":"Strongman law-and-order politics organised around family names rather than programmes, with shifting alliances between them.","econ":"Infrastructure programmes, foreign investment liberalisation, cash transfers, remittance dependence.","org":"Competitive elections alongside an anti-drug campaign with thousands of extrajudicial killings, now before the International Criminal Court.","note":"High scores on authority and method inside a system with genuine electoral turnover — a combination the standard democracy/autocracy binary handles poorly.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: infrastructure programmes and liberalised foreign investment.","items":[{"t":"The Build Build Build programme and the 2022 amendments opening sectors to foreign ownership.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: law-and-order traditionalism with strong Catholic influence on family law.","items":[{"t":"The Philippines remains one of two states without legal divorce; a divorce bill passed the lower house in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: competitive elections alongside extrajudicial killing and prosecution of critics.","items":[{"t":"Estimates of drug-war deaths range from 6,000 official to over 27,000; a senator critical of the campaign was imprisoned for six years.","k":"rec"},{"t":"A former president was arrested on an ICC warrant in 2025.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with the Bangsamoro autonomous region.","items":[{"t":"The Bangsamoro Organic Law created an autonomous region in 2019 after decades of conflict.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: civic citizenship with a strong dynastic concentration of office.","items":[{"t":"A large majority of national and local offices are held by members of political families.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: elected, with state violence as declared policy.","items":[{"t":"The campaign was announced as policy before election and defended publicly in office.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pas_ph","n":"Malaysian Blocs","aka":"Pakatan Harapan / PAS","yr":"2008–","pl":"Malaysia","region":"Asia","countries":["Malaysia"],"fam":"Contested","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,5,1,3,6,-5],"core":"A multi-ethnic reform coalition governing in tension with an Islamist party that has grown at every recent election.","econ":"Affirmative action for the Malay majority, state investment funds, subsidy rationalisation, electronics exports.","org":"Genuine alternation of power since 2018 after sixty-one years of single-party rule.","note":"Coded as a system average at low confidence; the two poles of Malaysian politics sit roughly eight points apart on membership.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: affirmative action for the Malay majority within an export economy.","items":[{"t":"The bumiputera policy allocates quotas in equity, education and public contracts.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: a two-track legal system with sharia courts for Muslims.","items":[{"t":"Sharia courts have jurisdiction over Muslims in personal status matters in every state.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: genuine alternation after six decades of single-party rule.","items":[{"t":"The governing coalition lost power for the first time in 2018.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a federation with special status for Sabah and Sarawak.","items":[{"t":"The 2022 amendment restored the two states' constitutional status as equal partners.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: constitutionally entrenched ethnic preference.","items":[{"t":"Article 153 provides for a special position for Malays and the bumiputera policy allocates quotas in education and business.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: electoral, with a first alternation in 2018.","items":[{"t":"Power changed hands for the first time in 61 years in 2018.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sukarno","n":"Guided Democracy","aka":"Sukarno","yr":"1959–1965","pl":"Indonesia","region":"Asia","countries":["Indonesia"],"fam":"Nationalist / Socialist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,2,9,8,5,5],"core":"A synthesis of nationalism, religion and communism under a single leader who dissolved the elected assembly to achieve it.","econ":"Nationalised Dutch enterprises, state planning, hyperinflation, non-aligned economic diplomacy.","org":"Elected assembly dissolved and replaced by appointment; the president named president for life.","note":"Ended in a coup and a mass killing of between five hundred thousand and a million people, followed by three decades of military rule.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: nationalisation of Dutch enterprise and central planning.","items":[{"t":"All Dutch-owned firms were nationalised in 1957–58.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: Pancasila pluralism with a nationalist cultural programme.","items":[{"t":"The five principles were formulated in 1945 to hold a religiously plural state together.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: the elected assembly dissolved and replaced by appointment.","items":[{"t":"The constituent assembly was dissolved by decree in 1959 and the 1945 constitution restored by fiat.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: a unitary state suppressing regional rebellions.","items":[{"t":"Rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi were defeated militarily in 1958.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: an Indonesian national identity imposed across hundreds of ethnic groups.","items":[{"t":"Bahasa Indonesia was made the sole national language.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +5: a synthesis doctrine imposed from above and ended by mass killing.","items":[{"t":"Between 500,000 and one million people were killed in the anti-communist purge of 1965–66.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bukele","n":"Bukelismo","aka":"Nuevas Ideas","yr":"2019–","pl":"El Salvador","region":"Americas","countries":["El Salvador"],"fam":"Technocratic Populist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[5,6,8,6,3,2],"core":"Mass incarceration of suspected gang members under a permanent state of exception, sold as the trade of civil liberties for physical safety.","econ":"Bitcoin as legal tender, tourism and investment promotion, IMF agreement, tax incentives for foreign capital.","org":"Legislature and constitutional chamber replaced by allies in 2021, re-election achieved despite an explicit constitutional prohibition, approval ratings above eighty percent.","note":"The most consequential political export in the Americas right now. Its coordinates make the trade explicit rather than settling whether it was worth it.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: investment promotion and the bitcoin experiment alongside an IMF programme and high public debt.","items":[{"t":"Bitcoin was made legal tender in 2021 and its mandatory-acceptance status removed under the 2025 IMF agreement.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: a security-first social order with conservative positions on family policy.","items":[{"t":"Gender studies content was removed from the public school curriculum in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Elected with very high approval, and the constraints on the office removed one by one.","items":[{"t":"The legislature removed the constitutional chamber judges and the attorney general in May 2021.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The reconstituted court then permitted consecutive re-election despite an explicit constitutional prohibition.","k":"rec"},{"t":"A state of exception suspending due process has been renewed continuously since March 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: municipalities consolidated from 262 to 44 in 2023.","items":[{"t":"The municipal reorganisation was passed months before local elections and reduced opposition-held territory.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded mildly positive: membership defined by conduct rather than ancestry, with mass exclusion by suspicion.","items":[{"t":"Around 2% of the adult population has been detained under the state of exception, largely without individualised charge.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: elected, and with the legislature entered by armed soldiers in 2020 during a funding dispute.","items":[{"t":"Soldiers were deployed inside the legislative chamber in February 2020 to press a loan vote.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"petro","n":"Pacto Histórico","aka":"Colombian left","yr":"2021–","pl":"Colombia","region":"Americas","countries":["Colombia"],"fam":"Democratic Socialist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,-6,1,3,-5,-3],"core":"The first left government in Colombian history: land reform, health system overhaul, energy transition, negotiated peace with armed groups.","econ":"Pension and health restructuring, halt to new oil exploration licences, land purchase for redistribution, higher taxes on extraction.","org":"Constitutional democracy with an assertive constitutional court that has repeatedly blocked the government.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: pension, health and land reform financed by higher extraction and wealth taxation.","items":[{"t":"The 2022 tax reform raised taxes on oil and coal exports and on high incomes.","k":"rec"},{"t":"No new oil and gas exploration contracts have been signed since 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: the most socially liberal government in Colombian history.","items":[{"t":"Supported the constitutional court's decriminalisation of abortion to 24 weeks in 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: constrained repeatedly by an assertive constitutional court and a hostile congress.","items":[{"t":"Health and labour reforms were blocked or reduced in congress; the court struck down parts of the development plan.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with negotiated territorial peace.","items":[{"t":"Total peace legislation created regional negotiating tables with armed groups.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: expansive regularisation of Venezuelan migrants.","items":[{"t":"Colombia granted ten-year temporary protected status to around 1.8 million Venezuelans.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: a former guerrilla member governing entirely constitutionally.","items":[{"t":"Total peace policy pursues negotiated demobilisation rather than military defeat.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"mas","n":"Movement for Socialism","aka":"MAS, Evo Morales","yr":"1998–","pl":"Bolivia","region":"Americas","countries":["Bolivia"],"fam":"Indigenous Socialist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,-2,5,4,3,1],"core":"Indigenous majority representation, resource nationalism and a plurinational constitution, under a movement fused with a leader.","econ":"Nationalised gas and lithium, large poverty reduction, macroeconomic stability then a currency crisis.","org":"Constitution rewritten to permit re-election, term limits then overridden by court ruling, the 2019 crisis and the 2020 restoration by election.","note":"Reduced extreme poverty by more than half while removing the term limits it had itself written. Both belong in the record.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: gas nationalisation funding a large reduction in poverty.","items":[{"t":"Hydrocarbons were nationalised in 2006; extreme poverty fell from 38% to around 15% by 2018.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: indigenous cultural recognition alongside a socially conservative legal code.","items":[{"t":"The 2009 constitution recognised 36 indigenous nations and indigenous justice systems.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: term limits removed by court after being rejected by referendum.","items":[{"t":"A 2016 referendum rejected indefinite re-election; the constitutional court authorised it anyway in 2017.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a plurinational state with indigenous autonomy statutes.","items":[{"t":"The constitution provides for indigenous autonomous territories, of which a handful have been created.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a plurinational state built on indigenous majority representation.","items":[{"t":"The constitution establishes indigenous autonomy and reserved representation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: electoral, with a contested 2019 crisis and a 2020 restoration.","items":[{"t":"The party returned to office by election in 2020 after the 2019 resignation and interim government.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"fujimorism","n":"Fujimorism","aka":"","yr":"1990–","pl":"Peru","region":"Americas","countries":["Peru"],"fam":"Neoliberal Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[8,7,8,6,4,3],"core":"Market shock therapy and counter-insurgency delivered by a president who closed his own congress and rewrote the constitution.","econ":"Privatisation, capital account opening, hyperinflation ended, poverty initially deepened then reduced.","org":"1992 self-coup, intelligence-service control of media and courts, forced sterilisation programme, later imprisonment for corruption and killings.","note":"The Latin American case that most closely parallels Chile in pairing economic liberalisation with the suspension of constitutional government.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +8: shock liberalisation and privatisation.","items":[{"t":"Hyperinflation of over 7,000% in 1990 was ended by a stabilisation programme; most state firms were sold by 1997.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: authoritarian social order and Catholic personal law.","items":[{"t":"Abortion remains criminalised except to save the mother's life.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling for an elected government: the president closed his own congress.","items":[{"t":"The April 1992 autogolpe dissolved congress and the judiciary; a new constitution followed in 1993.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: recentralisation of regional government during the counter-insurgency.","items":[{"t":"Regional governments were replaced by appointed transitional councils after 1992.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a forced sterilisation programme targeting indigenous rural women.","items":[{"t":"Over 270,000 sterilisations were performed between 1996 and 2000, a large share without valid consent.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: elected, then governing by decree under a counter-insurgency emergency.","items":[{"t":"The Colina death squad operated from within the intelligence service; its massacres led to a 25-year sentence in 2009.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"frenteamplio","n":"Frente Amplio","aka":"","yr":"1971–","pl":"Uruguay","region":"Americas","countries":["Uruguay"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":2,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-5,-8,-5,2,-6,-6],"core":"A left coalition that legalised cannabis, abortion and same-sex marriage while running orthodox macroeconomics and losing elections gracefully.","econ":"Growth with falling inequality, state utilities retained, social spending expansion, investment grade maintained.","org":"Among the strongest democratic institutions in the Americas by every comparative index; three peaceful handovers of power.","note":"Almost never cited in arguments about the Latin American left, which is itself informative about how examples get chosen.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: growth with falling inequality and state utilities retained.","items":[{"t":"Poverty fell from around 40% in 2004 to under 10% by 2014 while investment grade was maintained.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −8: the most socially liberal legislative record in Latin America.","items":[{"t":"Abortion legalised in 2012, same-sex marriage in 2013, cannabis regulated in 2013.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Included as a calibration anchor for the strongly dispersed end of the axis.","items":[{"t":"Three peaceful transfers of power between coalition and opposition since 2005.","k":"rec"},{"t":"A 2009 referendum to annul the amnesty law failed and the result was respected by the governing left.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a small unitary state with strong national institutions.","items":[{"t":"Public utilities and education are administered nationally.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: civic and open, with a residence-based migration regime.","items":[{"t":"Mercosur residence agreements give regional nationals streamlined settlement rights.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: entirely constitutional, including when its own positions lost.","items":[{"t":"Accepted the 2009 referendum result upholding the amnesty law it opposed.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"correismo","n":"Correísmo","aka":"Citizens' Revolution","yr":"2007–","pl":"Ecuador","region":"Americas","countries":["Ecuador"],"fam":"Left Populist","t":"regime","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,0,6,6,2,0],"core":"Twenty-first century socialism financed by oil, delivering infrastructure and poverty reduction alongside pressure on the press and courts.","econ":"Renegotiated oil contracts, large public investment, dollarised currency retained, default on part of the foreign debt.","org":"New constitution by assembly, judicial council restructured, criminal defamation used against journalists.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: oil-financed public investment and a partial debt default.","items":[{"t":"Ecuador defaulted on part of its foreign debt in 2008 after declaring it illegitimate.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded at zero: a socially conservative left, opposed to abortion liberalisation.","items":[{"t":"The president threatened to resign over abortion decriminalisation in 2013.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: a constituent assembly followed by pressure on courts and press.","items":[{"t":"The judicial council was restructured in 2011 by referendum; criminal defamation was used against a newspaper in 2011.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: recentralisation of planning and revenue.","items":[{"t":"The 2008 constitution strengthened central planning authority over sub-national government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: a citizens' revolution frame with universal citizenship in the constitution.","items":[{"t":"The 2008 constitution declares universal citizenship and the free movement of people.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: electoral, with a constituent assembly and a default.","items":[{"t":"Won three presidential elections and left office at the end of his term in 2017.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"hamas","n":"Hamas","aka":"","yr":"1987–","pl":"Gaza, West Bank","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Israel"],"fam":"Islamist Nationalist","t":"regime","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-2,9,9,4,9,8],"core":"Armed Palestinian nationalism in an Islamist frame, rejecting the negotiated framework in favour of resistance.","econ":"Taxation of trade and tunnels, external funding, welfare and clinic networks, blockaded economy.","org":"Won the 2006 legislative election, took sole control of Gaza by force in 2007, and held no election afterwards.","note":"Designated a terrorist organisation by many states and not by others. That designation is a legal act and is not what these six axes measure.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: welfare and clinic networks funded externally with no productive programme.","items":[{"t":"Social service networks operate alongside taxation of trade and external transfers.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: religious authority over social life in the territory it governs.","items":[{"t":"Dress and conduct regulations were imposed in Gaza after 2007.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: won an election and then held no other.","items":[{"t":"Won the 2006 legislative election, seized sole control of Gaza by force in 2007, and held no election in the following seventeen years.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a Palestinian national frame within a transnational Islamist movement.","items":[{"t":"The 2017 document accepted 1967 borders as a national stage without recognising Israel.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: an Islamist national frame set out in the founding charter.","items":[{"t":"The 1988 charter frames the conflict in religious terms; a 2017 document accepted 1967 borders without recognising Israel.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: armed struggle as the constitutive method.","items":[{"t":"The 7 October 2023 attack killed around 1,200 people and took 251 hostages.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"dem_hdp","n":"Kurdish Democratic Movement","aka":"HDP / DEM","yr":"2012–","pl":"Turkey","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Turkey"],"fam":"Left Pluralist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,-7,-5,-6,-2,0],"core":"Radical democracy, minority language rights, gender co-chairing, decentralisation to regions rather than Kurdish separatism.","econ":"Redistribution, rural investment, ecological opposition to dam projects.","org":"Co-chair gender parity in every office; elected mayors repeatedly replaced by state-appointed administrators; leaders imprisoned.","note":"Shares doctrine with the Rojava administration while operating entirely through Turkish elections — the same programme at opposite ends of the method axis.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: redistribution and rural investment.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to public investment in the south-east and to ecological opposition to dam projects.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: gender co-chairing and minority language rights as constitutive commitments.","items":[{"t":"Every party office is held jointly by a woman and a man as a rule of the statute.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: democratic autonomy and decentralisation against a centralising state.","items":[{"t":"Elected mayors were replaced by state-appointed trustees in dozens of municipalities from 2016; MPs were stripped of immunity and imprisoned.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: regional self-government rather than separatism.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to democratic autonomy within Turkey rather than to an independent state.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −2: a multi-ethnic party seeking rights for all minorities.","items":[{"t":"The party has run Armenian, Yazidi, Assyrian and Roma candidates alongside Kurdish ones.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: entirely electoral, and repeatedly prosecuted.","items":[{"t":"A closure case seeking to ban the party was pending before the constitutional court for years.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ennahda","n":"Ennahda","aka":"","yr":"1981–","pl":"Tunisia","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Tunisia"],"fam":"Islamist Democratic","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,6,-2,2,3,-6],"core":"An Islamist party that wrote a constitution with a secular opposition, conceded power voluntarily, and declared itself Muslim democratic rather than Islamist.","econ":"Market economy with social programmes, tourism and phosphate exports, IMF negotiations.","org":"Gave up government in 2014 after losing an election and negotiated the constitution that followed the revolution.","note":"Included because it is the strongest available counter-example to the claim that Islamist parties cannot accept losing.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: market economy with social programmes.","items":[{"t":"Governed through IMF negotiations without restructuring ownership.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religious conservatism that accepted a non-religious constitution.","items":[{"t":"Withdrew its proposal to reference sharia in the 2014 constitution during the drafting process.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: the strongest counter-example to the claim that Islamist parties cannot lose.","items":[{"t":"Left government voluntarily in 2014 after negotiations with the secular opposition and the trade union federation.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The mediating National Dialogue Quartet received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary state with decentralisation written into the 2014 constitution.","items":[{"t":"The constitution provided for elected local government, first held in 2018.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3 after the v2.2 review: confessional identity kept out of the membership rule.","items":[{"t":"The 2014 constitution guarantees freedom of conscience, unusual in the region.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: entirely electoral and consensual in method.","items":[{"t":"Governed in coalition with a secular party from 2014.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":5,"to":3,"why":"The party withdrew its own proposal to reference sharia in the constitution and governed in coalition with a secular party. Its confessional identity was not written into the membership rule."}]},{"id":"saied","n":"Saied Presidentialism","aka":"","yr":"2021–","pl":"Tunisia","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Tunisia"],"fam":"Personalist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[0,6,9,8,6,4],"core":"A law professor elected on an anti-party platform who suspended parliament and rewrote the constitution to concentrate power in the presidency.","econ":"Subsidy politics, IMF programme resisted, food import crisis.","org":"Parliament dissolved, judges dismissed, opposition figures and journalists imprisoned, constitution replaced by referendum on low turnout.","note":"The Arab Spring's one democratic transition, reversed by an elected president within a decade.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at zero: subsidy politics with an IMF programme resisted.","items":[{"t":"The government rejected IMF conditions on subsidy reform in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: conservative nationalism with a personalist moral frame.","items":[{"t":"The president has invoked national dignity and moral order as the basis of his mandate.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: an elected president who dismantled the constitution he was elected under.","items":[{"t":"Parliament was suspended in July 2021 and dissolved in 2022; the judicial council was dissolved and judges dismissed.","k":"rec"},{"t":"A new constitution was adopted by referendum on around 30% turnout in 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: local councils dissolved and a new bottom-up system decreed.","items":[{"t":"Municipal councils were dissolved in 2023 and replaced under a new electoral law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: a 2023 speech on sub-Saharan migration was followed by mass expulsions.","items":[{"t":"Migrants were expelled to desert border areas in 2023 following presidential remarks on demographic change.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: constitutional forms used to dismantle the constitution.","items":[{"t":"Emergency powers under Article 80 were invoked in 2021 and never relinquished.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"smer","n":"Smer","aka":"Fico","yr":"1999–","pl":"Slovakia","region":"Europe","countries":["Slovakia"],"fam":"Left Nationalist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-4,7,6,4,4,-2],"core":"Social democratic economics fused with cultural nationalism, opposition to migration, and hostility to media and NGOs.","econ":"Pension increases, energy price caps, higher corporate taxation, opposition to austerity.","org":"Criminal code and public broadcaster restructured after the 2023 election; special prosecutor's office abolished.","note":"A member of the European social democratic family by economics and of the national-conservative family by everything else.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: social democratic economics maintained in office.","items":[{"t":"Introduced free rail travel for students and pensioners and capped energy prices.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: cultural nationalism and opposition to migration and gender policy.","items":[{"t":"Campaigned against the Istanbul Convention and against same-sex adoption.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: institutional restructuring immediately after the 2023 election.","items":[{"t":"The special prosecutor's office was abolished and the public broadcaster restructured in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state resisting EU authority.","items":[{"t":"Opposed EU migration policy and reduced support for Ukraine after 2023.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: opposition to relocation quotas and to migration generally.","items":[{"t":"Refused EU asylum relocation and campaigned on border control.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: entirely electoral across four terms in office.","items":[{"t":"Has won or led four governments since 2006.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[{"ax":"ID","from":6,"to":4,"why":"Slovak national identity within a civic citizenship regime. Opposition to relocation quotas is an admission policy."}]},{"id":"sns_gd","n":"Vučić and Georgian Dream","aka":"SNS / GD","yr":"2012–","pl":"Serbia, Georgia","region":"Europe","countries":["Georgia","Serbia"],"fam":"Hybrid Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,7,8,6,6,-2],"core":"Nominally pro-European governments that have concentrated control of media, courts and state employment while balancing between the EU and Moscow.","econ":"Foreign investment incentives, state construction projects, subsidised employment, mining and transit revenue.","org":"Elections observed as free but not fair; mass protests met with police force; foreign-agent legislation.","note":"Coded jointly at medium confidence because the two cases follow closely parallel trajectories with different rhetoric.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: foreign investment incentives and state construction projects.","items":[{"t":"Serbia's lithium and infrastructure agreements and Georgia's transit projects are the principal instruments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: traditional values politics in both cases.","items":[{"t":"Georgia adopted a family values law restricting LGBT expression in 2024; Serbia has repeatedly obstructed Pride.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: the institutions around elections restructured while elections continue.","items":[{"t":"Georgia adopted a foreign agents law in 2024 over mass protest and a presidential veto; Serbian elections have drawn OSCE findings of unfair conditions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: centralised states with contested territorial questions.","items":[{"t":"Serbia's relationship with Kosovo and Georgia's with Abkhazia and South Ossetia remain unresolved.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: ethnic-national framing in both, with irredentist reference points.","items":[{"t":"The Serbian World concept and Georgian ethnic-national framing both define belonging by descent.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: electoral, with mass protest met by police force.","items":[{"t":"Serbian protests after the 2024 Novi Sad canopy collapse became the largest since 2000.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ano","n":"ANO","aka":"Babiš","yr":"2011–","pl":"Czechia","region":"Europe","countries":["Czechia"],"fam":"Technocratic Populist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,5,4,3,5,-5],"core":"Run the state like a firm: a billionaire-founded party promising managerial competence rather than ideology.","econ":"Business-friendly taxation, EU subsidy absorption, pension and energy price support.","org":"Fully within parliamentary institutions; conflict-of-interest disputes over the founder's holdings and media ownership.","note":"Populist in structure and centrist in policy, which is why it is coded near the middle on four of six axes.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: business-friendly taxation with pension and energy support.","items":[{"t":"Abolished the supergross tax base and capped energy prices in 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: culturally conservative positioning without a doctrinal programme.","items":[{"t":"Campaigns on migration and against the Green Deal while avoiding social-moral legislation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: fully parliamentary, with conflict-of-interest and media ownership disputes.","items":[{"t":"Its founder's holding company owned major newspapers while he was prime minister; a conflict-of-interest law followed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with EU membership and scepticism of further integration.","items":[{"t":"Opposed the EU migration pact while supporting membership.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: migration restriction without an ancestral criterion.","items":[{"t":"Opposed EU relocation quotas from 2015.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: entirely electoral and coalitional.","items":[{"t":"Left office after the 2021 election and returned by election in 2025.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"aur","n":"AUR","aka":"Alliance for the Union of Romanians","yr":"2019–","pl":"Romania","region":"Europe","countries":["Romania"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[2,9,5,4,7,0],"core":"Family, nation, faith and freedom; opposition to migration, LGBT recognition and pandemic measures; union with Moldova.","econ":"Higher pensions and agricultural support alongside lower taxes; economically inconsistent by design.","org":"Parliamentary; the 2024 presidential election was annulled by the constitutional court over foreign interference findings.","note":"Recent and unstable; low confidence.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: higher pensions and agricultural support alongside lower taxes.","items":[{"t":"The programme combines transfer increases with tax reduction without a stated fiscal path.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: family, faith and nation as the party's own four-word programme.","items":[{"t":"Campaigned against pandemic measures and against legal recognition of same-sex partnerships.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5 with low confidence.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 presidential election was annulled by the constitutional court over declassified interference findings, and the leading candidate barred from the rerun.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with union with Moldova as a stated aim.","items":[{"t":"The programme names unification as a national objective.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: an ethnic-national conception including union with Moldova.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to unification with Moldova on ethnic-national grounds.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: parliamentary, in an election annulled for foreign interference.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 presidential first round was annulled by the constitutional court on declassified evidence.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"svp","n":"Swiss People's Party","aka":"SVP/UDC","yr":"1971–","pl":"Switzerland","region":"Europe","countries":["Switzerland"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[7,8,-2,-6,7,-6],"core":"Sovereignty, neutrality, restrictive immigration and asylum, and direct democracy against government and treaty.","econ":"Low taxation, agricultural protection, deregulation, opposition to EU accession.","org":"Governs permanently within a consensus executive; campaigns primarily through binding popular initiatives.","note":"The most electorally successful radical right party in Europe and the only one coded negative on both authority and centralisation. Direct democracy is its principal instrument, not its target.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +7: low taxation and deregulation alongside strong agricultural protection.","items":[{"t":"Opposes tax harmonisation between cantons and defends farm subsidies and border protection.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: the most restrictive social positions in Swiss politics.","items":[{"t":"Drove the 2009 minaret ban and the 2021 face-covering ban, both adopted by referendum.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"The only radical right party in the dataset coded negative on this axis, because its principal instrument is the binding popular initiative.","items":[{"t":"The party has driven successful constitutional initiatives on minarets, deportation of foreign criminals and immigration quotas.","k":"rec"},{"t":"It sits permanently in a collegial executive that includes all major parties.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: cantonal sovereignty and opposition to both EU accession and federal centralisation.","items":[{"t":"Opposes the framework agreement with the EU and defends cantonal tax competition.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: immigration quotas pursued by constitutional initiative.","items":[{"t":"The 2014 mass immigration initiative passed by referendum and required renegotiation of free movement.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: the binding popular initiative is the party's principal instrument.","items":[{"t":"Has run more successful federal initiatives than any other Swiss party.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nzlab","n":"New Zealand Labour","aka":"","yr":"1916–","pl":"New Zealand","region":"Oceania","countries":["New Zealand"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"party","pw":2,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-3,-6,-4,2,-5,-7],"core":"Welfare state founding party, Treaty of Waitangi settlements, wellbeing budgeting, climate commitments.","econ":"Public health and housing investment, minimum wage rises, market economy with free trade agreements.","org":"Unicameral parliamentary democracy under proportional representation with no written constitution.","note":"Also the party that ran one of the world's most rapid market liberalisations in 1984, from the left. Another entry in the drift record.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: public health, housing and wellbeing budgeting within an open market economy.","items":[{"t":"The 1938 Social Security Act created one of the first comprehensive welfare states.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: liberal social legislation and Treaty settlements.","items":[{"t":"Homosexual law reform 1986, civil unions 2004, marriage equality 2013.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: unicameral parliamentary democracy under proportional representation.","items":[{"t":"MMP was adopted by referendum in 1993 and has produced coalition government since.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary state with Treaty-based co-governance arrangements.","items":[{"t":"Co-governance of rivers and conservation land was extended under the 2017–23 government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −5: civic membership with Treaty partnership.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship is residence-based; the Treaty establishes a partnership rather than an ancestral franchise.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: entirely electoral, including the 1984 market liberalisation from the left.","items":[{"t":"Rogernomics floated the dollar and privatised state assets under a Labour government.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"tepatimaori","n":"Te Pāti Māori","aka":"","yr":"2004–","pl":"New Zealand","region":"Oceania","countries":["New Zealand"],"fam":"Indigenous","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-5,-4,-4,-8,5,-1],"core":"Tino rangatiratanga: Māori self-determination and constitutional recognition of the Treaty as a partnership between two authorities.","econ":"Redistribution, iwi-based economic development, resource co-governance.","org":"Parallel Māori institutions with devolved authority alongside the national parliament.","note":"An ascriptive membership rule attached to a decentralising and egalitarian programme — a configuration almost absent from European party systems.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: redistribution and iwi-based economic development.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a wealth tax and to Māori control of resource revenue.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: indigenous cultural revival with socially progressive positions.","items":[{"t":"Supports te reo Māori as a core school subject and opposed the 2024 Treaty Principles Bill.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: parallel Māori institutions alongside parliament.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to a Māori parliament with authority over Māori affairs.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −8: parallel Māori authority alongside the national parliament.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to a Māori parliament and to constitutional transformation under the Matike Mai proposals.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: membership defined by whakapapa within a Treaty partnership frame.","items":[{"t":"The party contests the reserved Māori electorates, for which enrolment requires Māori descent.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −1: parliamentary, with protest as a standing method.","items":[{"t":"Led the 2024 hīkoi against the Treaty Principles Bill, one of the largest marches in the country's history.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"onenation","n":"One Nation","aka":"","yr":"1997–","pl":"Australia","region":"Oceania","countries":["Australia"],"fam":"Right Populist","t":"party","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,9,3,0,8,-2],"core":"Immigration restriction, opposition to multiculturalism and net zero, protection of manufacturing and agriculture.","econ":"Tariffs, agricultural subsidy, opposition to foreign land ownership, lower income tax.","org":"Parliamentary, contests every election, has held Senate balance-of-power seats.","note":"An early instance of the pattern that later spread across Europe, and one of the few coded before the 2010s wave.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: protectionist on manufacturing and agriculture, low tax elsewhere.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to tariffs, a national development bank and opposition to foreign land ownership.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: opposition to multiculturalism as the founding position.","items":[{"t":"The 1996 maiden speech opposing Asian immigration and the 2016 return opposing Muslim immigration define the party.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: parliamentary throughout.","items":[{"t":"Has held Senate seats and balance of power positions since 2016.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: national sovereignty with a federalist structure.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to withdraw from UN agreements while defending state powers.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: zero net migration and citizenship restriction.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a moratorium on Muslim immigration and to end multicultural funding.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: electoral, from a maiden speech in 1996.","items":[{"t":"The party has contested every federal election since 1998.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ghana_blocs","n":"Ghanaian Party Blocs","aka":"NPP / NDC","yr":"1992–","pl":"Ghana","region":"Africa","countries":["Ghana"],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,5,-3,3,3,-7],"core":"Two durable parties descended from rival independence-era traditions, alternating in office at almost every second election.","econ":"Cocoa and gold exports, IMF programmes, free senior secondary schooling since 2017, chronic fiscal stress and a 2022 default.","org":"Presidential democracy with genuine alternation, an independent electoral commission and courts that have adjudicated disputed results.","note":"Included as a counter-case. West African politics is usually illustrated with coups; Ghana has transferred power between rival parties four times since 1992.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: market orientation with a large universal schooling commitment.","items":[{"t":"Free senior high school was introduced in 2017; Ghana defaulted on external debt in December 2022 and restructured under an IMF programme.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: religious conservatism shared across both parties.","items":[{"t":"An anti-LGBT bill passed parliament unanimously in 2024 and was not signed into law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: four alternations of power between rival parties since 1992.","items":[{"t":"Power transferred between the NPP and NDC in 2000, 2008, 2016 and 2024, each time by concession.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The supreme court heard and dismissed a presidential election petition in 2013 without violence.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with elected district assemblies and appointed chief executives.","items":[{"t":"District chief executives are presidential appointees subject to assembly approval.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: civic citizenship with a right of abode for people of African descent.","items":[{"t":"The Year of Return in 2019 offered citizenship pathways to the African diaspora.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: entirely electoral since the 1992 constitution.","items":[{"t":"No coup attempt has succeeded since 1981 and none has been attempted since 1992.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"prosperity","n":"Ethiopian Prosperity Party","aka":"formerly EPRDF","yr":"1988–","pl":"Ethiopia","region":"Africa","countries":["Ethiopia"],"fam":"Developmental Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-1,5,8,7,5,4],"core":"A developmental state that opened politically in 2018, then fought a civil war against the region that had previously dominated it.","econ":"State-led infrastructure, telecoms partially liberalised in 2021, a large agricultural sector, debt restructuring.","org":"Ethnic federalism written into the constitution; elections in 2021 held without the main opposition regions.","note":"The Tigray war of 2020–22 is estimated to have killed hundreds of thousands. Coded at low confidence because the political settlement is unresolved.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: state-led development with partial telecoms liberalisation.","items":[{"t":"A second telecoms licence was issued in 2021 after decades of state monopoly.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: a religiously plural society with a conservative legal order.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex relations remain criminalised; religious pluralism is constitutionally protected.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: a political opening in 2018 followed by war and an election the main opposition regions did not contest.","items":[{"t":"Thousands of political prisoners were released and exiled parties legalised in 2018.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 2021 election was not held in Tigray and was postponed in several other constituencies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: ethnic federalism in the constitution and centralisation in practice.","items":[{"t":"The 1995 constitution grants regions a right of secession; the federal government replaced regional administrations by force in 2020–21.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: ethnic federalism defining membership by regional nationality.","items":[{"t":"Identity cards and regional citizenship follow the ethnic federal structure.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: a civil war estimated among the deadliest of the century.","items":[{"t":"The Tigray war of 2020–22 produced hundreds of thousands of deaths and a negotiated cessation at Pretoria in November 2022.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"kenya_blocs","n":"Kenyan Coalition Politics","aka":"UDA / Azimio","yr":"2002–","pl":"Kenya","region":"Africa","countries":["Kenya"],"fam":"Big-Tent Clientelist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,5,1,3,5,-5],"core":"Coalitions assembled around ethnic arithmetic and personality rather than around programme, with real electoral competition between them.","econ":"Infrastructure debt, agricultural exports, a large informal sector, mobile money penetration among the highest in the world.","org":"The supreme court annulled a presidential election in 2017, the first such ruling in Africa, and the rerun proceeded.","note":"The 2007–08 post-election violence killed over a thousand people; the 2010 constitution devolved substantial power to counties in response.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: infrastructure debt and agricultural exports.","items":[{"t":"Public debt rose above 70% of GDP by 2023, driving the 2024 finance bill protests.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: religious conservatism across both blocs.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex relations remain criminalised and the high court upheld the law in 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: genuine competition with a landmark judicial check.","items":[{"t":"The supreme court annulled the 2017 presidential result for irregularities, the first such ruling in Africa; the rerun was boycotted.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: substantial devolution created after electoral violence.","items":[{"t":"The 2010 constitution created 47 counties with their own governors, assemblies and guaranteed revenue share.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: ethnic coalition arithmetic as the organising principle of national politics.","items":[{"t":"The 2007–08 post-election violence killed over 1,100 people and displaced around 600,000 along ethnic lines.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: electoral since 2002, with a violent exception in 2007.","items":[{"t":"Power transferred by election in 2002, 2013 and 2022.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"swapo","n":"SWAPO","aka":"","yr":"1960–","pl":"Namibia","region":"Africa","countries":["Namibia"],"fam":"Liberation Party","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-2,3,3,4,3,-3],"core":"A liberation movement that has governed since independence within a constitution it has not amended to entrench itself.","econ":"Mining and fishing exports, land reform by willing-seller purchase, among the highest measured inequality in the world.","org":"Multi-party elections with a dominant party, an independent judiciary, and presidential term limits observed.","note":"Coded lower on authority than most liberation parties in the dataset because term limits have been respected and courts have ruled against the government.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: redistribution constrained by a willing-seller land regime.","items":[{"t":"Land reform proceeds by purchase rather than expropriation; measured inequality remains among the highest in the world.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: socially conservative with an assertive judiciary.","items":[{"t":"The supreme court recognised foreign same-sex marriages in 2023 and parliament moved to reverse it.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: dominant-party rule inside observed constitutional limits.","items":[{"t":"Presidential term limits have been observed at every transition since independence.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The supreme court has ruled against the government including on same-sex marriage recognition in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with regional councils.","items":[{"t":"Regional councils have limited competences and central funding.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: non-racial in the constitution with liberation-movement patronage.","items":[{"t":"The constitution prohibits racial discrimination and entrenches a bill of rights.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: an armed liberation struggle concluded by UN-supervised elections.","items":[{"t":"Independence followed the 1989 UN-supervised election under Resolution 435.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"fln","n":"FLN and the Algerian System","aka":"le pouvoir","yr":"1954–","pl":"Algeria","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Algeria"],"fam":"Military Nationalist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-4,6,8,8,6,3],"core":"Independence-war legitimacy sustained by a military-security establishment that stands behind whichever civilian holds office.","econ":"Hydrocarbon rents funding subsidies and public employment; a small private sector; chronic import dependence.","org":"The 1991 election was annulled by the army when an Islamist victory became certain, triggering a decade of civil war.","note":"The Hirak protests of 2019 removed a president after twenty years and left the structure behind him intact.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: hydrocarbon rents funding subsidy and public employment.","items":[{"t":"Hydrocarbons provide the large majority of export earnings and around half of budget revenue.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: Arab-Islamic identity written into the constitution.","items":[{"t":"Islam is the state religion and Arabic the sole official language until Tamazight was added in 2016.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: an annulled election, a civil war, and a system that survived the removal of its figurehead.","items":[{"t":"The army cancelled the second round of the 1991 election when an Islamist victory became certain; the ensuing war killed an estimated 150,000.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 2019 Hirak protests forced a president from office after twenty years; the military establishment behind him remained.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: a centralised state with appointed wali governing provinces.","items":[{"t":"Provincial governors are appointed by the presidency.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: Arabisation policy over Berber language and identity.","items":[{"t":"The Berber Spring of 1980 and the Black Spring of 2001 were both suppressed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: an independence war followed by a coup and a civil war.","items":[{"t":"Independence in 1962 was followed by a 1965 coup and the 1991–2002 civil war.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"makhzen","n":"Moroccan Monarchy","aka":"the Makhzen","yr":"1956–","pl":"Morocco","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Morocco"],"fam":"Traditionalist Monarchist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,7,7,6,5,-6],"core":"An executive monarchy claiming religious authority, operating above an elected parliament that governs within limits it sets.","econ":"Phosphates, automotive assembly, agriculture, tourism, and royal holding companies across the economy.","org":"The 2011 constitution transferred some powers to the prime minister while retaining royal control of religion, security and strategic policy.","note":"One of the few Arab monarchies to concede constitutional reform during 2011 rather than repress or collapse.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: phosphates, automotive assembly and royal holding companies.","items":[{"t":"The royal holding company has interests across banking, insurance, retail and renewables.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: the monarch holds the title Commander of the Faithful and religious authority is constitutional.","items":[{"t":"The 2004 family code raised the marriage age and restricted polygamy while retaining religious jurisdiction over personal status.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: an executive monarchy that conceded reform in 2011 without ceding control.","items":[{"t":"The 2011 constitution required the king to appoint a prime minister from the largest party while retaining authority over religion, security and strategy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a centralised monarchy with an advanced regionalisation plan for Western Sahara.","items":[{"t":"The 2011 constitution provided for advanced regionalisation, implemented slowly.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: a Muslim national community with recognised Jewish personal status.","items":[{"t":"Moroccan Jews retain distinct personal status courts, unusual in the region.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: change by constitutional revision and referendum.","items":[{"t":"The 2011 reform was drafted by an appointed commission and adopted by referendum within five months of the protests.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"biya","n":"Personalist Presidential Rule","aka":"Biya, Cameroon","yr":"1982–","pl":"Cameroon","region":"Africa","countries":["Cameroon"],"fam":"Personalist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,6,9,8,6,-6],"core":"Four decades of single-person rule sustained by patronage, a divided opposition and the removal of term limits.","econ":"Oil, timber and cocoa exports; a large state sector; substantial external debt.","org":"Term limits abolished in 2008; the runner-up in the 2018 election was imprisoned.","note":"The anglophone conflict since 2017 has displaced hundreds of thousands. Coded at low confidence because independent reporting is constrained.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: oil, timber and cocoa exports with a large state sector.","items":[{"t":"State enterprises dominate energy, transport and agro-industry.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: a conservative social order with regional and religious balancing.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex relations are criminalised and prosecuted.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: term limits removed and the runner-up imprisoned.","items":[{"t":"Presidential term limits were abolished by constitutional amendment in 2008.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The second-placed candidate in the 2018 election was arrested and held for eight months.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: a unitary state that abolished the federal structure in 1972.","items":[{"t":"The federation of 1961 was replaced by a unitary republic by referendum in 1972, the root of the anglophone conflict.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: the anglophone regions treated as a security problem rather than a constitutional one.","items":[{"t":"The conflict since 2017 has displaced over 700,000 people and closed schools across two regions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: continuity as the governing purpose.","items":[{"t":"The president has held office since 1982 without interruption.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sudan_war","n":"Sudanese Armed Factions","aka":"SAF / RSF","yr":"2019–","pl":"Sudan","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Sudan"],"fam":"Military Factions","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,7,10,7,8,9],"core":"Two branches of the security apparatus that jointly overthrew a civilian transition and then turned on each other.","econ":"Gold exports controlled by armed groups, collapsed agriculture, famine conditions across large areas.","org":"No constitution in force, no elections, no civilian authority; the largest displacement crisis in the world.","note":"Included to mark that the space this atlas measures includes states where no political order exists at all.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: gold exports controlled by armed groups.","items":[{"t":"Gold is the principal export and its trade is controlled by the belligerents.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: sharia-based law with a brief secularising transition in between.","items":[{"t":"The transitional government repealed the apostasy law and public order acts in 2020; the coup reversed the direction.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: no constitution, no civilian authority and no election in prospect.","items":[{"t":"The civilian transitional government was removed by coup in October 2021; the two coup partners went to war in April 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a contest for control of a centralised state.","items":[{"t":"Both belligerents seek control of the national capital and state apparatus.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: ethnically targeted violence in Darfur documented by UN investigators.","items":[{"t":"The 2023 killings in West Darfur were assessed by investigators as ethnically targeted against the Masalit.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +9: state authority replaced by armed contest.","items":[{"t":"Over 12 million people have been displaced and famine has been formally determined in multiple areas.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"upnd","n":"Zambian Alternation","aka":"UPND / PF","yr":"1991–","pl":"Zambia","region":"Africa","countries":["Zambia"],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,5,-1,3,3,-6],"core":"Repeated transfers of power between rival parties, including an opposition victory in 2021 after four previous defeats.","econ":"Copper-dependent, defaulted in 2020, restructured under the G20 common framework, subsidised farming inputs.","org":"Competitive elections with periodic restrictions on assembly and on the press under successive governments.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: copper dependence, default and restructuring.","items":[{"t":"Zambia defaulted in November 2020, the first African sovereign default of the pandemic, and completed restructuring in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: religious conservatism across parties.","items":[{"t":"Zambia is constitutionally declared a Christian nation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: repeated alternation with periodic restriction of assembly.","items":[{"t":"Power transferred in 1991, 2011 and 2021; the 2021 winner had lost the four previous elections.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Public order legislation has been used by successive governments to restrict opposition rallies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with decentralised constituency development funds.","items":[{"t":"The constituency development fund was increased tenfold in 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: civic citizenship with regional voting patterns.","items":[{"t":"Voting correlates strongly with province, though parties campaign nationally.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: entirely electoral since 1991.","items":[{"t":"Three transfers of power by election with no coup since independence.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"mauritius","n":"Mauritian Democracy","aka":"","yr":"1968–","pl":"Mauritius","region":"Transnational","countries":["Mauritius"],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,2,-5,2,2,-8],"core":"A multi-ethnic island democracy with continuous competitive elections, high growth and a comprehensive welfare state.","econ":"Sugar to textiles to financial services; free health care and education; near-universal pensions.","org":"Parliamentary democracy with a best-loser system reserving seats to guarantee communal representation.","note":"Ranks highest in Africa on most democracy indices and is almost never used as the reference case for the continent.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: an open market economy with universal social provision.","items":[{"t":"Free health care, free education through university and a universal non-contributory pension.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: multi-religious accommodation with conservative personal law.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex relations were decriminalised by the supreme court in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: continuous competitive elections and repeated alternation since independence.","items":[{"t":"Power has changed hands at most elections since 1968 with no interruption of constitutional government.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The privy council in London remains the final court of appeal, providing external judicial review.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a small unitary state with an autonomous Rodrigues island assembly.","items":[{"t":"Rodrigues has had a regional assembly since 2002.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: communal representation guaranteed rather than restricted.","items":[{"t":"The best-loser system allocates eight additional seats to ensure representation of each recognised community.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: entirely constitutional since independence.","items":[{"t":"No coup, no state of emergency and no suspension of parliament since 1968.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"somaliland","n":"Somaliland","aka":"","yr":"1991–","pl":"Somaliland","region":"Transnational","countries":["Somaliland"],"fam":"Hybrid Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,7,-2,2,5,-4],"core":"An unrecognised state that built a working electoral democracy on a hybrid of party competition and clan elder councils.","econ":"Livestock exports, remittances, port transit revenue, no access to international lending.","org":"An upper house of clan elders alongside an elected lower house; the 2024 presidential election produced a transfer of power to the opposition.","note":"Recognised by no state, and rated more democratic than most that are. Coded at low confidence because comparative data is scarce.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: livestock exports and remittances with no access to international lending.","items":[{"t":"Remittances are estimated at around a quarter of GDP.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: sharia-influenced law within a clan social order.","items":[{"t":"Islam is the state religion and personal status is governed accordingly.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2 with low confidence: competitive elections and a transfer of power, in an unrecognised state.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 presidential election was won by the opposition and the incumbent conceded.","k":"rec"},{"t":"An upper house of clan elders sits alongside an elected lower house, and party registration is capped at three.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary state with clan representation built into the legislature.","items":[{"t":"The upper house is composed by clan rather than by election.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: clan structure is constitutive of representation.","items":[{"t":"The Guurti upper house is composed of clan elders rather than elected members.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: statehood built by negotiated clan conferences rather than by conquest.","items":[{"t":"The Borama conference of 1993 established the political settlement.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"tplf","n":"TPLF and Ethnic Federalism","aka":"","yr":"1975–2018","pl":"Ethiopia","region":"Africa","countries":["Ethiopia"],"fam":"Marxist-Leninist / Developmental","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-4,3,9,5,7,6],"core":"A Marxist-Leninist guerrilla movement that took power in 1991 and built a state organised around ethnically defined regions.","econ":"State-led investment, land held in state ownership, double-digit growth, telecoms and banking closed to foreigners.","org":"A four-party front dominated by one member; the 2015 election returned 100% of parliamentary seats to the ruling coalition.","note":"Ethnic federalism was designed to hold the state together and is now the fault line along which it has fractured.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: state-led development with land in state ownership.","items":[{"t":"All land remains state-owned with use rights allocated; banking and telecoms were closed to foreign entry.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: revolutionary secularism succeeded by conservative practice.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex relations remained criminalised throughout.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: a coalition that took 100% of parliamentary seats.","items":[{"t":"The 2015 election returned every one of 547 seats to the ruling coalition and its affiliates.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The 2005 post-election protests were suppressed with around 200 deaths and mass arrests of opposition leaders.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: ethnic federalism with a dominant centre.","items":[{"t":"Regions held formal autonomy while the front controlled the affiliated regional parties.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: a constitution organising the state around ethnically defined regions.","items":[{"t":"Article 39 grants every nation, nationality and people an unconditional right to secession.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: power taken by armed struggle in 1991.","items":[{"t":"The front entered Addis Ababa in May 1991 after a seventeen-year war.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nznat","n":"New Zealand National Party","aka":"","yr":"1936–","pl":"New Zealand","region":"Oceania","countries":["New Zealand"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[6,4,-3,2,3,-6],"core":"Fiscal restraint, private enterprise, law and order, and scepticism of co-governance arrangements under the Treaty.","econ":"Tax reduction, infrastructure through public-private partnership, agricultural exports, restraint on public spending.","org":"Parliamentary democracy under proportional representation, governing by coalition.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: tax reduction and spending restraint.","items":[{"t":"The 2024 budget delivered income tax threshold changes and public sector headcount reductions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: socially moderate with a conservative base.","items":[{"t":"Supported the 2013 marriage equality bill in substantial numbers.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: proportional representation and coalition government as the norm.","items":[{"t":"Every government since 1996 has been a coalition or minority arrangement under MMP.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary state with elected local government.","items":[{"t":"New Zealand has no written constitution and no federal tier.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: civic membership with restriction on foreign purchase and immigration settings.","items":[{"t":"Introduced a foreign buyer ban policy debate and adjusted skilled migration settings; citizenship remains residence-based.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: entirely electoral.","items":[{"t":"Has alternated in and out of office throughout under both electoral systems.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"actnz","n":"ACT New Zealand","aka":"","yr":"1994–","pl":"New Zealand","region":"Oceania","countries":["New Zealand"],"fam":"Libertarian","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[9,1,-5,-2,3,-5],"core":"Classical liberalism: individual rights, deregulation, and a single legal standard of citizenship against Treaty-based co-governance.","econ":"Flat-tax ambitions, spending caps, deregulation of housing supply and firearms.","org":"Proposed a referendum to define the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi in statute, which drew the largest petition in the country's history.","note":"Economically far right and socially permissive, and simultaneously the party most opposed to indigenous constitutional recognition — a combination that splits its coordinates.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +9: the most market-liberal party in the New Zealand parliament.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a two-rate flat tax, a cap on government spending and repeal of most housing regulation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: socially permissive with a conservative law-and-order posture.","items":[{"t":"Sponsored the End of Life Choice Act passed by referendum in 2020, and liberalised firearms regulation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: constitutional, seeking a referendum on Treaty principles.","items":[{"t":"The Treaty Principles Bill was introduced and defeated at second reading in 2025.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: localism in planning with national standards elsewhere.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to devolve housing consent and share GST with councils.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a single legal standard of citizenship against Treaty-based co-governance.","items":[{"t":"The Treaty Principles Bill would have defined the Treaty's principles in statute; it drew over 300,000 submissions, the most in New Zealand history, and was voted down.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: entirely parliamentary.","items":[{"t":"Has held seats continuously since 1996 under MMP.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nzgreen","n":"Green Party of Aotearoa","aka":"","yr":"1990–","pl":"New Zealand","region":"Oceania","countries":["New Zealand"],"fam":"Green","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,-9,-6,-1,-6,-4],"core":"Ecological limits, wealth taxation, Treaty partnership and social justice as a single package.","econ":"Wealth and capital gains taxation, income guarantee, public housing, opposition to extraction.","org":"Co-leadership by gender, proportional representation, participatory policy development.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: wealth taxation and an income guarantee.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to a wealth tax above two million dollars and a guaranteed minimum income.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −9: social justice and Treaty partnership as founding commitments.","items":[{"t":"Co-leadership is required to include a woman, and Treaty partnership is written into the party constitution.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: participatory policy development and co-leadership.","items":[{"t":"Policy is developed by member consensus and leadership is shared by gender.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −1: local action with binding international climate obligation.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to both community energy and to international treaty compliance.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: refugee quota increases and migrant rights.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to tripling the refugee quota.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: non-violence as a founding charter principle.","items":[{"t":"The party is a signatory to the Global Greens Charter.","k":"prog"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"fiji","n":"Fijian Post-Coup Politics","aka":"FijiFirst / Coalition","yr":"1987–","pl":"Fiji","region":"Oceania","countries":["Fiji"],"fam":"Contested","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,5,4,4,5,3],"core":"Four coups since 1987 over the political weight of the indigenous Fijian and Indo-Fijian communities, followed by a non-racial constitution imposed from above.","econ":"Sugar, tourism and remittances; land held under indigenous communal title.","org":"The 2013 constitution abolished communal electoral rolls; the 2022 election produced a transfer of power to the opposition.","note":"A rare case where an authoritarian government imposed a formally non-racial franchise and then lost under it.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: sugar, tourism and remittances with communal land tenure.","items":[{"t":"Around 87% of land is inalienable indigenous title.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: a strongly Christian and communal social order.","items":[{"t":"Methodist church influence in indigenous Fijian politics has been substantial throughout.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: four coups, then an imposed non-racial constitution, then a lost election.","items":[{"t":"Coups occurred in 1987 twice, in 2000 and in 2006; the 2013 constitution abolished communal electoral rolls.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The government that imposed the 2013 constitution lost the 2022 election and conceded.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with provincial councils for indigenous affairs.","items":[{"t":"The Great Council of Chiefs was abolished in 2012 and restored in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: communal land tenure and the political weight of indigenous title.","items":[{"t":"Around 87% of land is held under indigenous communal title and cannot be freely sold.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: four coups, then a constitutional election lost by its authors.","items":[{"t":"The 2013 constitution's authors lost the 2022 election and conceded.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pacificclimate","n":"Pacific Climate Diplomacy","aka":"AOSIS, Pacific Islands Forum","yr":"1990–","pl":"Pacific","region":"Oceania","countries":[],"fam":"Ecological","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-3,-2,-6,4,-4,-7],"core":"Small states using international law and moral standing to constrain the emissions of far larger ones, on grounds of existential threat.","econ":"Fisheries licensing, aid, remittances, loss-and-damage claims against industrialised states.","org":"Consensus regional diplomacy and litigation, including the 2023 request for an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice.","note":"Occupies a coordinate almost no other entry does: maximally supranational in method and maximally anti-concentration in structure.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: fisheries licensing, aid and loss-and-damage claims.","items":[{"t":"The loss and damage fund was agreed at COP27 in 2022 after decades of small-state pressure.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: no distinctive cultural programme beyond survival.","items":[{"t":"The movement is defined by a single existential interest rather than by social doctrine.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: consensus regional diplomacy with no coercive capacity at all.","items":[{"t":"Pacific Islands Forum decisions are taken by consensus among members with no enforcement mechanism.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: supranational law as the principal instrument of very small states.","items":[{"t":"The UN General Assembly adopted Vanuatu's request for an ICJ advisory opinion on climate obligations by consensus in March 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: statehood continuity for populations that may lose their territory.","items":[{"t":"Tuvalu and Australia signed a treaty in 2023 providing migration pathways and recognising continuing statehood.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −7: litigation, treaty and negotiation.","items":[{"t":"The 1.5 degree target was placed in the Paris Agreement largely at the insistence of small island states.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nepal_maoist","n":"Nepali Maoists","aka":"CPN (Maoist Centre)","yr":"1994–","pl":"Nepal","region":"Asia","countries":["Nepal"],"fam":"Communist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,-3,1,-3,0,-1],"core":"An insurgency that abolished a monarchy, then entered parliamentary politics and governed in coalition with its former enemies.","econ":"Land reform commitments largely unrealised, remittance dependence, hydropower development.","org":"Federal republic established in 2008 with a constitution written by an elected assembly; governments alternate constantly.","note":"A ten-year war killing around 17,000 people, ended by a negotiated settlement in which the insurgents disarmed and won an election.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: land reform commitments largely unrealised.","items":[{"t":"Land redistribution promised in the peace process has been repeatedly deferred.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: caste and gender equality provisions written into the constitution.","items":[{"t":"The 2015 constitution reserves seats and prohibits caste discrimination.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: entered constitutional politics and has both governed and lost.","items":[{"t":"The party won the 2008 constituent assembly election, then lost the 2013 one and accepted the result.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −3: federalism as a central demand of the settlement.","items":[{"t":"The 2015 constitution established seven federal provinces, a core insurgent demand.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded at zero: federalism organised partly on ethnic lines and contested.","items":[{"t":"Madhesi protests against the 2015 provincial boundaries left over fifty dead.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −1: an insurgency that disarmed and won an election.","items":[{"t":"The 2006 comprehensive peace accord ended a war of around 17,000 deaths; combatants were cantoned and partly integrated into the army.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"hkdemo","n":"Hong Kong Democracy Movement","aka":"","yr":"1989–2020","pl":"Hong Kong","region":"Transnational","countries":["Hong Kong"],"fam":"Civic Liberal","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,-6,-8,-4,0,1],"core":"Universal suffrage for the chief executive and legislature under the Basic Law, and defence of the common law and free press.","econ":"No unified economic programme; ranged from business liberals to labour organisers.","org":"Mass demonstration, legislative obstruction, and district council elections won overwhelmingly in 2019.","note":"Coded to the pre-2020 period. Most of its leadership is now imprisoned or in exile under the national security law.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: no unified economic programme.","items":[{"t":"The movement spanned business liberals and labour organisers.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: civil liberties, press freedom and rule of law as the organising commitments.","items":[{"t":"The movement's 2019 demands centred on withdrawal of the extradition bill and an independent inquiry into policing.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −8: universal suffrage under the Basic Law was its defining demand.","items":[{"t":"Article 45 of the Basic Law names universal suffrage as the ultimate aim; the 2014 and 2019 movements demanded its implementation.","k":"prog"},{"t":"Pro-democracy candidates won 388 of 452 district council seats in November 2019.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −4: autonomy under one country two systems.","items":[{"t":"The Basic Law guarantees a separate system until 2047.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded at zero: a civic Hong Kong identity rather than an ethnic one.","items":[{"t":"The movement's framing was institutional and legal rather than ancestral.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: mass demonstration with a contested turn to confrontation in 2019.","items":[{"t":"Protests in June 2019 drew crowds estimated at up to two million; later phases included occupation of the legislature.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"centralasia","n":"Central Asian Presidentialism","aka":"","yr":"1991–","pl":"Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan","region":"Transnational","countries":["Kazakhstan","Turkmenistan","Uzbekistan"],"fam":"Personalist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,7,9,8,6,-5],"core":"Soviet-era party leaders who became presidents for life, and successors who liberalise the economy while retaining the political system.","econ":"Hydrocarbons, cotton and metals; sovereign funds; sharp market liberalisation in Uzbekistan since 2016.","org":"Elections with reported turnouts and margins above 80%; constitutional resets extending terms; no lawful opposition.","note":"Coded as a regional average at low confidence. Uzbekistan's economic opening since 2016 has not been matched politically, which is the pattern the atlas records repeatedly.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: sharp economic liberalisation in Uzbekistan without political change.","items":[{"t":"Currency convertibility was restored in 2017 and forced cotton labour was ended by 2021, while the political system was unchanged.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: state-controlled religion and a conservative social order.","items":[{"t":"Religious organisations require registration; unregistered worship is prosecuted.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: constitutional resets extending terms and no lawful opposition.","items":[{"t":"Kazakhstan's first president held office for 29 years; Uzbekistan's 2023 referendum reset the presidential term count.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Turkmenistan has held no election judged competitive by any international observer mission.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: highly centralised states with appointed regional governors.","items":[{"t":"Regional akims are appointed by the presidency in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: titular nationalities privileged in language and office.","items":[{"t":"State language laws privilege the titular nationality in public employment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: continuity and managed succession as the governing method.","items":[{"t":"Turkmenistan's 2022 succession passed the presidency from father to son.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"semilla","n":"Semilla","aka":"Guatemalan anti-corruption bloc","yr":"2017–","pl":"Guatemala","region":"Americas","countries":["Guatemala"],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[0,-4,-6,2,-3,-5],"core":"An anti-corruption party that won the presidency against the expectation of the entire political establishment and took office despite attempts to stop it.","econ":"Tax administration reform, rural investment, remittance-dependent economy, market orientation.","org":"The attorney general sought to suspend the party and annul the result; the transfer of power proceeded after mass indigenous-led protest.","note":"The strongest recent case of institutional obstruction defeated by mobilisation rather than by courts.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at zero: tax administration reform inside a market economy.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to strengthen tax collection and rural investment rather than to restructure ownership.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: anti-corruption liberalism in a socially conservative country.","items":[{"t":"Abortion remains criminalised and same-sex marriage unrecognised.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: an election result defended against institutional obstruction.","items":[{"t":"The attorney general sought to suspend the party's legal status and to annul the result; the inauguration proceeded after indigenous-led national protest.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary state with indigenous authorities as a parallel power.","items":[{"t":"The 48 Cantones of Totonicapán led the protests that secured the inauguration.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: civic citizenship with indigenous rights commitments.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to implementing ILO Convention 169 on prior consultation.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: entirely electoral and constitutional.","items":[{"t":"Won the presidency from fourth place in first-round polling without any extra-constitutional action.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"boric_kast","n":"Chilean Polarisation","aka":"Apruebo Dignidad / Republicanos","yr":"2019–","pl":"Chile","region":"Americas","countries":["Chile"],"fam":"Contested","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[1,0,-4,2,2,-4],"core":"A social explosion in 2019 produced two constitutional drafts, one from the left and one from the right, and voters rejected both.","econ":"Pension and tax reform contested continuously; copper nationalisation debated; the Pinochet-era private pension system substantially retained.","org":"Two elected constitutional conventions and two referendums in four years, all conducted lawfully and all rejected.","note":"Coded as a system average at low confidence. Included because it is the clearest recent demonstration that a polity can be sharply polarised and entirely constitutional.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: the private pension system substantially retained through successive reform attempts.","items":[{"t":"The 2025 pension reform added a collective component while retaining individual accounts.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded at zero: a system average across two sharply opposed poles.","items":[{"t":"Abortion on three grounds was legalised in 2017; the 2022 draft would have gone further and was rejected.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4 with low confidence: two constitutional processes, both rejected, both accepted.","items":[{"t":"A convention elected in 2021 produced a draft rejected by 62% in 2022; a second body produced a draft rejected by 55% in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a highly centralised state with elected regional governors since 2021.","items":[{"t":"Regional governors were directly elected for the first time in 2021.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: civic citizenship with migration restriction rising across the spectrum.","items":[{"t":"Both blocs campaigned on tightening the northern border in 2023–25.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: two constitutional processes, both conducted lawfully and both rejected.","items":[{"t":"Neither rejection produced any extra-constitutional action by either side.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"libre","n":"Libre","aka":"Honduran left","yr":"2011–","pl":"Honduras","region":"Americas","countries":["Honduras"],"fam":"Left Populist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-5,-1,4,4,2,0],"core":"Founded after the 2009 coup that removed its leader, and returned to power by election in 2021.","econ":"Electricity subsidies, minimum wage rises, renegotiation of special economic zones granted to foreign investors.","org":"Constitutional democracy with recurring disputes over judicial appointment and the special economic zone regime.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: subsidies and wage rises after a decade of market-oriented government.","items":[{"t":"Electricity subsidies for low consumption households and a minimum wage rise were introduced from 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −1: economically left and socially conservative.","items":[{"t":"Abortion remains constitutionally prohibited; the ban was entrenched in 2021 before the party took office.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: constitutional government with recurring disputes over judicial appointment.","items":[{"t":"The special economic zone regime granted to foreign investors was repealed in 2022, prompting investor arbitration.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with the special economic zones repealed.","items":[{"t":"The ZEDE regime was repealed by unanimous congressional vote in 2022.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: civic citizenship with large-scale emigration.","items":[{"t":"Around a million Hondurans live in the United States, and remittances exceed a quarter of GDP.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded at zero: returned to office by election after a coup removed it in 2009.","items":[{"t":"The 2009 removal was executed by the army and supreme court; the party returned by election in 2021.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"colorado","n":"Colorado Party","aka":"ANR","yr":"1887–","pl":"Paraguay","region":"Americas","countries":["Paraguay"],"fam":"Conservative Clientelist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[6,7,4,4,4,-6],"core":"One of the longest continuously governing parties in the world, in office for all but five of the last seventy-seven years.","econ":"Soy and beef exports, very low taxation, large informal sector, hydroelectric revenue.","org":"Competitive elections which the party has lost once since 1947; extensive patronage in public employment.","note":"Governed through the Stroessner dictatorship from 1954 to 1989 and continued governing after it, without dissolving.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: among the lowest tax burdens in the hemisphere.","items":[{"t":"Tax revenue is around 10% of GDP, among the lowest in Latin America.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: Catholic social conservatism and a strong rural traditional base.","items":[{"t":"Abortion is criminalised except to save the mother's life; a 2017 same-sex civil union bill was defeated.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: continuous incumbency with genuine but rarely successful competition.","items":[{"t":"The party has lost the presidency once since 1947, in 2008, and regained it in 2013.","k":"rec"},{"t":"It governed through the 1954–89 dictatorship and continued in office after it without dissolution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with departmental governors.","items":[{"t":"Departmental governors are elected but fiscally dependent on the centre.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a Guaraní-Spanish bilingual national identity.","items":[{"t":"Guaraní is a co-official language, unusual for an indigenous language in the Americas.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: continuity through a dictatorship and after it.","items":[{"t":"The party governed through the 1954–89 dictatorship and continued in office after it.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pri","n":"Institutional Revolutionary Party","aka":"PRI","yr":"1929–","pl":"Mexico","region":"Americas","countries":["Mexico"],"fam":"Hegemonic Party","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[1,4,8,7,3,-4],"core":"A party built to institutionalise a revolution and end military coups, which then held the presidency for seventy-one consecutive years.","econ":"Land redistribution and oil nationalisation, then import substitution, then NAFTA and privatisation under the same banner.","org":"Elections held every six years and never lost until 2000; presidents chose their successors by private designation.","note":"Vargas Llosa called it the perfect dictatorship because it rotated its leader every six years and never needed to suspend the constitution.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: the same party redistributed land, nationalised oil and then signed NAFTA and privatised.","items":[{"t":"Oil was nationalised in 1938; the banks were nationalised in 1982 and reprivatised from 1991.","k":"rec"},{"t":"NAFTA entered force in 1994 under a PRI president.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: revolutionary anticlericalism succeeded by a conservative corporatist order.","items":[{"t":"The 1917 constitution's anticlerical articles were softened by amendment in 1992.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: elections held without interruption and never lost for seventy-one years.","items":[{"t":"The 1988 result was declared after a computer failure that destroyed the ballots, later admitted by the incumbent president.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The party lost the presidency in 2000 and conceded, which is why this is not higher.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: governors and state parties subordinated to the presidency through the dedazo.","items":[{"t":"Presidents designated their own successors and the party's state candidates by private nomination.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: an inclusive mestizo national identity, with indigenous communities excluded in practice.","items":[{"t":"Indigenismo was official doctrine while ejido land was progressively opened to sale from 1992.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: built specifically to institutionalise a revolution and stop the coups that followed it.","items":[{"t":"Founded in 1929 after the assassination of a president-elect, to route succession through a party rather than through the army.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":{"link":2024,"pts":[{"y":1929,"a":[-2,3,7,6,3,-3],"note":"Founded after the assassination of a president-elect, to route succession through a party rather than through the army."},{"y":1938,"a":[-6,2,7,7,3,-2],"note":"Cárdenas: oil nationalised, and more land redistributed than by all previous governments combined."},{"y":1982,"a":[0,4,8,7,3,-4],"note":"Debt crisis; the banks nationalised in the president's final months."},{"y":1994,"a":[5,4,8,7,3,-4],"note":"NAFTA in force; the banks, telecoms and mines privatised."},{"y":2024,"a":[1,4,8,7,3,-4],"note":"Reduced to a minor party after losing the presidency in 2000, regaining it in 2012 and losing it again in 2018."}]},"rev":[]},{"id":"vargas","n":"Estado Novo Brasileiro","aka":"Vargas","yr":"1937–1945","pl":"Brazil","region":"Americas","countries":["Brazil"],"fam":"Corporatist Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-1,7,9,9,4,3],"core":"A corporatist dictatorship that built the labour code and the industrial base it is still remembered for.","econ":"State steel and oil, a comprehensive labour code, state-licensed unions, import substitution.","org":"Congress closed, parties dissolved, a censorship department, governors replaced by appointees.","note":"Left power in 1945, returned by election in 1951, and is claimed by both the Brazilian left and right.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: state steel and oil alongside a comprehensive labour code.","items":[{"t":"Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional founded 1941; the CLT labour code of 1943 remains the basis of Brazilian labour law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: corporatist order with state-licensed unions and a censorship department.","items":[{"t":"Unions required government recognition and were funded by a compulsory levy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: congress closed, parties dissolved, a constitution imposed by decree.","items":[{"t":"The 1937 constitution was promulgated after a fabricated communist coup plot.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: state governors replaced by federal appointees.","items":[{"t":"State flags were publicly burned in 1937 to mark the end of federalism.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a nationalising campaign against immigrant communities.","items":[{"t":"German, Italian and Japanese language schools and press were closed from 1938.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: power taken by coup and given up without one.","items":[{"t":"Left office in 1945 under military pressure and returned by election in 1951.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"brazilmil","n":"Brazilian Military Regime","aka":"","yr":"1964–1985","pl":"Brazil","region":"Americas","countries":["Brazil"],"fam":"Military Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[5,7,9,8,4,4],"core":"Twenty-one years of military rule justified as anti-communist stabilisation, with a controlled two-party legislature throughout.","econ":"The economic miracle of 1968–73, state enterprises, heavy foreign borrowing, then hyperinflation.","org":"Institutional acts suspending habeas corpus and purging congress; torture documented by the state's own later inquiry.","note":"Distinctive for retaining a legislature and holding elections throughout, which is why it is often described as a dictablanda.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: state enterprises and heavy borrowing alongside market orientation.","items":[{"t":"The economic miracle of 1968–73 averaged over 10% growth; external debt rose from 3 to 100 billion dollars by 1985.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: national security doctrine, censorship and moral order.","items":[{"t":"Prior censorship of press, music, theatre and television operated from 1968.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: institutional acts suspending habeas corpus and purging congress.","items":[{"t":"Institutional Act No. 5 in 1968 closed congress and suspended habeas corpus for political offences.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The state's own 2014 truth commission documented 434 killings and disappearances and systematic torture.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: state governors appointed by the centre from 1966.","items":[{"t":"Direct gubernatorial elections were abolished in 1966 and restored in 1982.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: political rather than ascriptive exclusion, with indigenous land seizure.","items":[{"t":"The Figueiredo Report documented mass violence against indigenous peoples during the period.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: power taken by coup and relinquished by negotiated transition.","items":[{"t":"The 1979 amnesty law and the 1985 electoral college transfer ended the regime without a rupture.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"arbenz","n":"Guatemalan October Revolution","aka":"Arévalo and Árbenz","yr":"1944–1954","pl":"Guatemala","region":"Americas","countries":["Guatemala"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-4,-4,-3,3,-3,-4],"core":"Ten years of elected reformist government — labour code, social security, land reform — ended by a coup organised abroad.","econ":"Decree 900 redistributed uncultivated land with compensation at declared tax value, most of it from one foreign fruit company.","org":"Competitive elections, a free press and a functioning congress throughout the decade.","note":"Overthrown in 1954 by a CIA-organised operation. Coded low on authority precisely because the regime that replaced it was not.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: land reform with compensation, plus a labour code and social security.","items":[{"t":"Decree 900 of 1952 redistributed uncultivated land, compensated at the value the owner had declared for tax.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: literacy campaigns, women's suffrage and indigenous labour protection.","items":[{"t":"The 1945 constitution granted women the vote and abolished the vagrancy laws used to force indigenous labour.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: competitive elections, free press and a functioning congress throughout.","items":[{"t":"Two presidents were elected and one succeeded the other constitutionally, a first in Guatemalan history.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national legislation administered through a reforming state.","items":[{"t":"Land reform was administered by national agrarian committees with local participation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: indigenous inclusion as an explicit reform objective.","items":[{"t":"Around a hundred thousand families received land, most of them indigenous.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: entirely constitutional, and ended by an operation organised abroad.","items":[{"t":"Declassified records confirm the 1954 coup was planned and executed as a CIA operation.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sendero","n":"Shining Path","aka":"Sendero Luminoso","yr":"1980–2000","pl":"Peru","region":"Americas","countries":["Peru"],"fam":"Maoist","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-10,2,10,8,5,10],"core":"A Maoist insurgency that rejected all other left organisations and treated peasant communities that would not submit as enemies.","econ":"Abolition of markets and of the money economy in areas it controlled.","org":"An absolute personality cult around its founder, described in its own documents as the fourth sword of Marxism.","note":"Peru's truth commission attributed the majority of around 69,000 conflict deaths to this organisation rather than to the state.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor: markets and money abolished where it held territory.","items":[{"t":"Peasant markets were closed and traders killed in areas under its control.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: gender-egalitarian in its command structure and totalitarian in its social control.","items":[{"t":"Women held senior positions in the central committee while village life was policed absolutely.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: an absolute cult around one leader and no institution besides.","items":[{"t":"Party documents named its founder the fourth sword of Marxism after Marx, Lenin and Mao.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: a single centralised command directing regional committees.","items":[{"t":"Regional commands executed a national plan issued by the central committee.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: peasant communities that refused submission treated as enemies.","items":[{"t":"The Lucanamarca massacre of 1983 killed 69 villagers, an act its leader publicly defended.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the ceiling: mass violence as the constitutive method.","items":[{"t":"Peru's truth commission attributed 54% of around 69,000 deaths to this organisation, more than to the state.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"farc","n":"FARC","aka":"","yr":"1964–2017","pl":"Colombia","region":"Americas","countries":["Colombia"],"fam":"Marxist Insurgent","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-8,-2,7,3,-3,9],"core":"A peasant self-defence force turned Marxist insurgency, financed in its later decades by the cocaine trade.","econ":"Land redistribution in its programme; taxation of coca production and kidnapping in its practice.","org":"A secretariat with military command over armed blocs; no electoral participation until after disarmament.","note":"Signed a peace accord in 2016, disarmed under UN verification and became a legal party in 2017. One of the few completed transitions of its kind.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: land redistribution in the programme, coca taxation in practice.","items":[{"t":"The 1982 programme demanded expropriation of large landholdings; by the 1990s it taxed coca production at scale.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: nominally egalitarian, with forced recruitment of minors and forced abortion documented.","items":[{"t":"The peace tribunal has charged former commanders over recruitment of children.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: a secretariat with military command and no electoral participation.","items":[{"t":"No candidate was fielded in any election before the 2016 accord.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: bloc structure across territory under a national secretariat.","items":[{"t":"Seven regional blocs operated under central command.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: a class rather than ethnic frame, with indigenous and Afro-Colombian victims.","items":[{"t":"The truth commission recorded disproportionate victimisation of indigenous communities by all armed actors.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +9: fifty-two years of armed struggle, ended by a verified disarmament.","items":[{"t":"Around 7,000 combatants disarmed under UN verification in 2017 and the movement became a legal party.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"costarica","n":"Costa Rican Social Democracy","aka":"","yr":"1948–","pl":"Costa Rica","region":"Americas","countries":["Costa Rica"],"fam":"Social Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-2,-3,-6,2,-3,-6],"core":"A country that abolished its army in 1949 and spent the savings on schooling and health.","econ":"State banking and utilities, universal health insurance, coffee and technology exports, high public spending.","org":"Continuous competitive elections since 1953 with an unusually strong constitutional court and electoral tribunal.","note":"The strongest counter-example in the hemisphere to the claim that Latin American institutions could not hold. It has never had a coup since.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: state banking and utilities with universal health insurance.","items":[{"t":"Banking was nationalised in 1948 and the Caja social insurance system made universal in 1961.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: liberal by regional standards, with same-sex marriage legalised by court in 2020.","items":[{"t":"The inter-American court ruling was accepted and implemented in 2020.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: an unusually strong constitutional chamber and electoral tribunal.","items":[{"t":"The Sala IV constitutional chamber, created in 1989, hears tens of thousands of individual petitions a year.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a small unitary state with strong national institutions.","items":[{"t":"Health, electricity and water are administered by national public bodies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: civic citizenship with a large Nicaraguan migrant population.","items":[{"t":"Migrants have access to the public health system through a regularisation agreement.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: the army abolished by constitutional amendment in 1949.","items":[{"t":"Article 12 of the constitution proscribes a standing army; the budget was redirected to education and health.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"newjewel","n":"New Jewel Movement","aka":"","yr":"1979–1983","pl":"Grenada","region":"Transnational","countries":["Grenada"],"fam":"Marxist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-8,-4,7,4,-3,7],"core":"A Caribbean revolutionary government that expanded literacy and health care and never held the elections it promised.","econ":"State farms, cooperatives, a new international airport built with Cuban assistance.","org":"A people's revolutionary government by decree; the constitution suspended for four years.","note":"Collapsed when its own central committee executed the prime minister, followed by a US invasion. Included because internal party violence, not external pressure, ended it.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: state farms, cooperatives and a centrally planned development programme.","items":[{"t":"A state sector was built in agriculture, fishing and tourism, with Cuban and Soviet assistance.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: literacy, free health care and equal pay legislation.","items":[{"t":"Illiteracy fell sharply and a national health service was created in four years.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: a people's revolutionary government by decree with the constitution suspended.","items":[{"t":"No election was held in four years and the 1974 constitution was suspended throughout.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: centralised administration of a very small island state.","items":[{"t":"Parish councils were consultative rather than decisive.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: non-racial and internationalist in framing.","items":[{"t":"The movement aligned with the Non-Aligned Movement and with Caribbean regional bodies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +7: power taken by armed seizure and ended by internal execution.","items":[{"t":"The government was taken in a near-bloodless coup in 1979; the prime minister was executed by his own central committee's faction in 1983.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"manley","n":"Democratic Socialism (Jamaica)","aka":"Michael Manley","yr":"1972–1980","pl":"Jamaica","region":"Americas","countries":["Jamaica"],"fam":"Democratic Socialist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,-4,-3,3,-3,-4],"core":"An elected democratic socialist government in the Caribbean, aligned with the Non-Aligned Movement and destabilised for it.","econ":"Bauxite levy on foreign companies, free secondary education, minimum wage, land lease programmes, IMF conditionality from 1977.","org":"Competitive elections throughout; lost office in 1980 after a campaign in which hundreds were killed in political violence.","note":"Coded as a test of whether democratic socialism can survive capital flight and external pressure. It did not, and it left by election.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: a bauxite levy, free secondary education and land lease programmes.","items":[{"t":"The 1974 bauxite levy raised revenue from foreign companies sevenfold and triggered capital flight.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: free education, minimum wage and maternity leave legislation.","items":[{"t":"Free secondary and university education was introduced in 1973.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: competitive elections throughout, lost and conceded in 1980.","items":[{"t":"Parliament sat continuously and the opposition contested every seat.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national programmes administered centrally.","items":[{"t":"The National Housing Trust and the literacy campaign were national bodies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: non-aligned internationalism and Caribbean integration.","items":[{"t":"Jamaica helped found CARICOM in 1973 and led on the New International Economic Order.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: electoral throughout, in an election campaign in which hundreds died.","items":[{"t":"Around 800 people were killed in political violence during the 1980 campaign.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"mobutu","n":"Mobutism","aka":"Authenticité, Zaire","yr":"1965–1997","pl":"DR Congo","region":"Africa","countries":["Congo"],"fam":"Personalist Kleptocracy","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,8,10,9,7,-2],"core":"A single-party personality cult built on cultural authenticity and sustained for three decades by Cold War patronage.","econ":"Copper and cobalt revenue diverted to the presidency on a scale that hollowed out the state; the currency collapsed repeatedly.","org":"One legal party of which every citizen was a member at birth; no independent institution of any kind.","note":"The reference case for kleptocracy. State capacity fell so far that the country had less paved road at his fall than at independence.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: nominally private, with mineral revenue routed to the presidency.","items":[{"t":"The Zairianisation of 1973 transferred foreign businesses to regime clients and collapsed output.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: authenticité imposed on names, dress and religion.","items":[{"t":"Citizens were required to drop Christian names; the wearing of Western suits was banned.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: one legal party of which every citizen was a member from birth.","items":[{"t":"The 1974 constitution named the party the nation organised politically and made membership automatic.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: provinces administered by appointees from the presidency.","items":[{"t":"Provincial governors served entirely at the president's discretion.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: citizenship stripped from Kinyarwanda-speaking populations in 1981.","items":[{"t":"A 1981 law retroactively denationalised Banyarwanda residents, a direct cause of the later wars.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −2: continuity and personal survival as the governing purpose.","items":[{"t":"The regime made no attempt at transformation after the early 1970s.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"gaddafi","n":"Jamahiriya","aka":"Gaddafi's Libya","yr":"1969–2011","pl":"Libya","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Libya"],"fam":"Idiosyncratic Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-7,7,10,7,6,6],"core":"A declared state of the masses with no parties, no constitution and, formally, no head of state, governed entirely by one man.","econ":"Oil nationalised, private retail abolished in 1979, housing redistributed, later partial reopening to foreign investment.","org":"People's congresses and committees replacing government, alongside revolutionary committees that carried out killings and disappearances.","note":"The Green Book rejected representative democracy and the party system as such. A genuinely unusual coordinate that fits no standard family.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: oil nationalised and private retail abolished outright.","items":[{"t":"Private retail trade was abolished in 1979 and replaced with state supermarkets.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: a revolutionary moral order with tribal accommodation beneath it.","items":[{"t":"The Green Book rejected both capitalist and communist models in favour of a third universal theory.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: no parties, no constitution and formally no head of state.","items":[{"t":"Political parties were criminalised in 1972 with a penalty of death.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: people's congresses nominally sovereign and centrally directed in fact.","items":[{"t":"Revolutionary committees, answerable only to the leader, supervised the congresses.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: Arab nationalism above Berber identity, later a pan-African turn.","items":[{"t":"Amazigh language and names were banned; the regime later styled itself King of Kings of Africa.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: power taken by coup and a permanent revolutionary posture maintained.","items":[{"t":"The 1969 coup was bloodless; the revolutionary committees conducted public hangings from 1980.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"derg","n":"The Derg","aka":"Mengistu, Ethiopia","yr":"1974–1991","pl":"Ethiopia","region":"Africa","countries":["Ethiopia"],"fam":"Marxist-Leninist Military","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-10,3,10,9,6,9],"core":"A military committee that overthrew an emperor, declared Marxism-Leninism and conducted a campaign of mass killing against its own left.","econ":"All rural land nationalised in 1975, forced collectivisation and villagisation, famine used as an instrument during the 1984–85 crisis.","org":"No constitution for thirteen years, no legal opposition, executions of committee members by other committee members.","note":"The Red Terror of 1977–78 killed tens of thousands of urban leftists. A regime that was radical on every axis and is rarely cited on any of them.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"At the floor: all rural land nationalised and collectivisation forced.","items":[{"t":"The 1975 proclamation nationalised all rural land without compensation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: a literacy campaign alongside a militarised social order.","items":[{"t":"The national literacy campaign of 1979 was internationally recognised while the Red Terror was under way.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: no constitution for thirteen years and committee members executed by the committee.","items":[{"t":"Around sixty officials of the previous government were executed without trial in November 1974.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: centralised planning with forced villagisation.","items":[{"t":"Around 600,000 people were resettled from the north between 1984 and 1986.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: Amhara-centred centralisation against Eritrean and Tigrayan movements.","items":[{"t":"Eritrean autonomy was denied and the war continued for the regime's whole duration.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +9: the Red Terror as declared policy.","items":[{"t":"Tens of thousands of urban leftists were killed in 1977–78; families were charged for the bullets.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"eritrea","n":"PFDJ","aka":"Eritrea","yr":"1991–","pl":"Eritrea","region":"Transnational","countries":["Eritrea"],"fam":"Liberation Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-4,6,10,9,6,3],"core":"A liberation front that took power in 1991 and has held no national election, ratified no constitution and permitted no other party since.","econ":"State-controlled mining and remittances, indefinite national service functioning as conscripted labour.","org":"No parliament since 2002, no private press, no judiciary independent of the presidency.","note":"Among the most closed states in the world alongside North Korea and Turkmenistan. Coded at low confidence because independent access is near zero.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: state-controlled mining and indefinite conscription functioning as labour.","items":[{"t":"National service, nominally 18 months, has been indefinite in practice since 2002.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: only four religious denominations are permitted to operate.","items":[{"t":"Unregistered congregations have been raided and members detained since 2002.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: the constitution was ratified in 1997 and never implemented.","items":[{"t":"No national election has been held since independence in 1993; parliament last met in 2002.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: administration by appointed regional governors under the presidency.","items":[{"t":"The six administrative regions were redrawn in 1996 to cut across historic ethnic boundaries.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: national unity doctrine suppressing ethnic and religious identity.","items":[{"t":"Ethnic political organisation is prohibited.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: a thirty-year armed struggle followed by permanent emergency.","items":[{"t":"Independence was won by armed struggle in 1991 and confirmed by referendum in 1993.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"capeverde","n":"Cape Verdean Democracy","aka":"","yr":"1991–","pl":"Cape Verde","region":"Transnational","countries":["Cape Verde"],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,2,-5,2,1,-8],"core":"A one-party state that legalised opposition, lost the first free election and has alternated peacefully ever since.","econ":"Tourism, remittances and fisheries; near-universal schooling; among the highest human development scores in Africa.","org":"Repeated transfers of power, a free press and an independent judiciary, on ten small islands with no natural resources.","note":"Ranks at or near the top of African democracy indices and is essentially never mentioned in general discussion of the continent.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: tourism and remittances with near-universal schooling.","items":[{"t":"Human development indicators rank among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: socially moderate with early decriminalisation.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex relations were decriminalised in 2004, ahead of most of the continent.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −5: a single-party state that legalised opposition and lost the first free election.","items":[{"t":"The governing party legalised opposition in 1990 and lost the 1991 election, then conceded.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Power has alternated repeatedly since with no interruption of constitutional government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a small unitary state across ten islands with municipal government.","items":[{"t":"Municipalities administer local services with elected councils.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: a creole national identity with a diaspora larger than the resident population.","items":[{"t":"More Cape Verdeans live abroad than at home, and the diaspora holds parliamentary representation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: transition by negotiated legalisation rather than by rupture.","items":[{"t":"The 1990 constitutional amendment introducing multi-party politics was passed by the ruling party itself.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"biafra","n":"Biafran Secession","aka":"","yr":"1967–1970","pl":"Nigeria","region":"Africa","countries":["Nigeria"],"fam":"Ethnic Secessionist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[2,4,7,-6,8,8],"core":"An attempt at independence by the Igbo-majority east after pogroms in the north, defeated by blockade and starvation.","econ":"Oil in the secessionist territory was the war's central material stake.","org":"A military governorship with wartime emergency powers.","note":"Between half a million and two million civilians died, most of hunger. The war fixed the principle that African colonial borders would not be redrawn.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: a war economy over an oil-bearing territory.","items":[{"t":"Oil revenue from the eastern region was the central material stake of the war.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: a Christian and Igbo national identity against northern dominance.","items":[{"t":"The secession followed pogroms in the north in 1966 that killed tens of thousands of Igbo civilians.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: military governorship under wartime emergency.","items":[{"t":"The republic was declared by military decree and governed under emergency powers throughout.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −6: secession from a federation as the constitutive act.","items":[{"t":"The eastern region declared independence in May 1967.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: an ethnically defined state carved from a multi-ethnic federation.","items":[{"t":"Minority peoples within the territory were themselves ambivalent about the secession.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: thirty months of war ended by blockade and starvation.","items":[{"t":"Estimates of civilian deaths, most from famine, range from 500,000 to two million.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"drc_now","n":"Congolese Post-War Politics","aka":"","yr":"2003–","pl":"DR Congo","region":"Africa","countries":["Congo"],"fam":"Big-Tent Clientelist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,6,6,6,4,1],"core":"A formally democratic state contending with armed groups across its east and a mineral economy it does not control.","econ":"Cobalt and copper extraction with substantial foreign and artisanal mining; very low state revenue relative to output.","org":"The 2018 election produced the first transfer of power since independence, on results the Catholic Church's observers disputed.","note":"Coded at low confidence. The war and its successors have caused millions of deaths and receive a fraction of the coverage of far smaller conflicts.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: cobalt and copper extraction with very low state revenue capture.","items":[{"t":"The country supplies most of the world's cobalt while collecting a small fraction of the value.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religiously conservative with strong church influence in public life.","items":[{"t":"The Catholic Church deployed 40,000 observers to the 2018 election and disputed the declared result.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: the first transfer of power since independence, on contested figures.","items":[{"t":"The 2018 result was announced after the church's parallel count showed a different winner.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a centralised state with limited authority in the east.","items":[{"t":"Dozens of armed groups operate in North and South Kivu outside state control.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: nationality disputes over Kinyarwanda-speaking populations persisting from 1981.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship of the Banyamulenge remains politically contested and is a driver of the conflict.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: elections held alongside continuous armed conflict.","items":[{"t":"The wars since 1996 are estimated among the deadliest since 1945.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"malawi","n":"Malawian Alternation","aka":"","yr":"1994–","pl":"Malawi","region":"Africa","countries":["Malawi"],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,6,-2,3,3,-6],"core":"A poor agrarian democracy whose courts annulled a presidential election for fraud and whose opposition then won the rerun.","econ":"Tobacco exports, fertiliser subsidy programmes, heavy aid dependence.","org":"The constitutional court annulled the 2019 presidential result in 2020, only the second such annulment in African history.","note":"Included because the judiciary, not the street or the army, was the decisive institution.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: tobacco exports with a large fertiliser subsidy programme.","items":[{"t":"The farm input subsidy programme has consumed a substantial share of the national budget since 2005.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religiously conservative with criminalised same-sex relations.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional court upheld the criminalisation in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: a presidential election annulled for fraud, and the rerun won by the opposition.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional court annulled the 2019 result in February 2020, only the second such ruling in African history, and it was upheld on appeal.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with district councils.","items":[{"t":"Local government elections were restored in 2014 after fourteen years without 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in 1963 made borders inherited from colonialism inviolable, which is the single most consequential decision in modern African politics.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: a continental free trade area with no common economic doctrine.","items":[{"t":"The African Continental Free Trade Area agreement entered force in 2019 with 54 signatories.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: a charter committing to rights, with member states spanning the whole cultural axis.","items":[{"t":"The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights entered force in 1986.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: a right to intervene, exercised unevenly.","items":[{"t":"The 2000 Constitutive Act asserts a right to intervene in cases of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity — a reversal of the OAU's absolute non-interference.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: authority pooled above the nation state by treaty.","items":[{"t":"Members have been suspended after coups in 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neighbourhood clinics.","org":"Won Delhi three times with unprecedented margins; its ministers were later imprisoned on corruption charges it disputes.","note":"The rare South Asian party that competes primarily on service delivery, which is why its coordinates sit near the centre on four axes.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: free utilities up to a threshold and heavy schooling investment.","items":[{"t":"Delhi allocated around a quarter of its budget to education and built neighbourhood mohalla clinics.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: service delivery politics rather than identity politics.","items":[{"t":"The party avoided taking positions on the central religious controversies of Indian politics.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: won three state elections with unprecedented margins.","items":[{"t":"Took 67 of 70 Delhi assembly seats in 2015 and 62 in 2020.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded at zero: a state party constrained by central control of Delhi.","items":[{"t":"A 2023 central ordinance transferred control of Delhi's civil service away from the elected government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: civic and non-communal in framing.","items":[{"t":"The party's campaigns are organised around services rather than around community.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: emerged from a mass anti-corruption movement into electoral politics within two years.","items":[{"t":"The 2011 India Against Corruption movement produced the party in 2012 and a state government in 2013.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"dravidian","n":"Dravidian Movement","aka":"DMK, Periyarism","yr":"1916–","pl":"Tamil Nadu, India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"Regional Egalitarian","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":2,"a":[-4,-7,-2,-6,3,-3],"core":"Anti-caste rationalism and Tamil linguistic self-respect, opposed to northern political and religious dominance.","econ":"Among India's earliest 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government ever since.","econ":"Land reform, near-universal literacy, public health, strong unions and a remittance-dependent economy.","org":"Contests and loses elections routinely; governs within the Indian constitutional order.","note":"The clearest case anywhere of a communist party operating indefinitely inside a competitive democracy without either abandoning its programme or ending the competition.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: land reform, public health and strong unions.","items":[{"t":"Kerala's land reforms from 1969 abolished tenancy and redistributed to cultivators.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: near-universal literacy and among India's best social indicators.","items":[{"t":"Kerala reached near-universal literacy decades ahead of the Indian average.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: took power by election in 1957 and has alternated ever since.","items":[{"t":"The 1957 Kerala government was the first communist administration anywhere to be elected rather than seized.","k":"rec"},{"t":"It was dismissed by the central government in 1959 and returned by election in 1967.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: decentralised planning to local bodies.","items":[{"t":"The People's Plan Campaign from 1996 devolved around a third of state plan funds to village councils.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: secular and cross-communal organising in a religiously plural state.","items":[{"t":"The party organises across Hindu, Muslim and Christian communities that are each around a quarter of the population.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: constitutional throughout, with a violent factional history in West Bengal.","items":[{"t":"Political killings between party cadres and rivals were common in West Bengal for decades.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"bsp","n":"Bahujan Samaj Party","aka":"BSP","yr":"1984–","pl":"India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"Dalit 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state governments in India's largest state, all by election.","items":[{"t":"Formed governments in Uttar Pradesh in 1995, 1997, 2002 and 2007.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: state power used to enforce national constitutional guarantees.","items":[{"t":"Reservation enforcement operates through state administration under central law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: an ascriptive mobilising base attached to a universalist constitutional claim.","items":[{"t":"Bahujan means the majority made up of the oppressed, framed as a coalition rather than a caste.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: electoral throughout.","items":[{"t":"Founded in 1984 and has contested every election since without any armed wing.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pmln","n":"PML-N","aka":"","yr":"1993–","pl":"Pakistan","region":"Asia","countries":["Pakistan"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[5,6,4,4,5,-5],"core":"Business-oriented conservatism with an infrastructure record, in permanent negotiation with the military establishment.","econ":"Motorways and power plants, much of it under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor; repeated IMF programmes.","org":"Its leaders have been deposed by coup, exiled, imprisoned and returned to office, three times over.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: motorways, power plants and privatisation under IMF programmes.","items":[{"t":"The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor added substantial generation capacity and debt after 2015.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religiously conservative with a business-class base.","items":[{"t":"The blasphemy laws and religious party accommodation continued under its 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Party","aka":"BNP","yr":"1978–","pl":"Bangladesh","region":"Asia","countries":["Bangladesh"],"fam":"National Conservative","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,5,5,4,5,-3],"core":"Bangladeshi rather than Bengali nationalism, more accommodating of Islamist allies than its rival, and out of office since 2006.","econ":"Market-oriented, garment sector growth, privatisation.","org":"Boycotted the 2014 and 2024 elections as non-competitive; its leader was imprisoned and later released.","note":"Coded alongside the Awami League to show that a two-party system can produce alternation in method as well as in office.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: market-oriented with garment sector growth and privatisation.","items":[{"t":"State enterprises were privatised through the 1990s under its governments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: Bangladeshi rather than Bengali nationalism, with Islamist allies.","items":[{"t":"The 1977 constitutional amendment replaced secularism with absolute trust in Allah.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: governed and lost office, and then boycotted elections as non-competitive.","items":[{"t":"Boycotted the 2014 and 2024 elections; its leader was imprisoned in 2018 and released in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a centralised unitary state.","items":[{"t":"Local government has minimal fiscal autonomy under either party.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: a Bangladeshi national identity accommodating Islamist definitions.","items":[{"t":"Coalition with Jamaat-e-Islami from 2001 to 2006.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: electoral, in a system that has alternated between party dominance and boycott.","items":[{"t":"Power alternated between the two parties at every election from 1991 to 2008.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nepalicong","n":"Nepali Congress","aka":"","yr":"1947–","pl":"Nepal","region":"Asia","countries":["Nepal"],"fam":"Social 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movement, and the 2006 movement that ended the monarchy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −1: federalism established by the 2015 constitution.","items":[{"t":"Seven provinces with elected assemblies were created in 2015.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −2: civic citizenship with contested Madhesi provisions.","items":[{"t":"The 2015 citizenship provisions prompted protests and a border blockade.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: constitutional method, with an armed phase in the 1950s.","items":[{"t":"Has governed and lost office repeatedly under the current constitution.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"cdpjapan","n":"Japanese Liberal Opposition","aka":"CDP","yr":"1996–","pl":"Japan","region":"Asia","countries":["Japan"],"fam":"Social Liberal","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-1,-4,-4,3,-1,-6],"core":"Constitutional defence, social liberalisation and redistribution, against a party that has governed for almost seventy years.","econ":"Consumption tax reduction, childcare investment, opposition to nuclear restart.","org":"Defends Article 9 and opposes constitutional revision; governed once, from 2009 to 2012.","note":"Coded to show the internal range of Japanese politics, which the dominance of one party usually conceals.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: consumption tax reduction and childcare investment.","items":[{"t":"Programme commitments to reduce the consumption tax on food and expand childcare.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: supports same-sex marriage and separate surnames for married couples.","items":[{"t":"Both are opposed by the governing party and supported by a majority in opinion polling.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: constitutional defence, particularly of Article 9.","items":[{"t":"Opposes revision of the constitution's renunciation of war.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national programmes with decentralisation commitments.","items":[{"t":"Programme supports greater fiscal autonomy for prefectures.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −1: supports expanded foreign worker rights within a restrictive system.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to improving the technical intern training programme criticised by the UN.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: entirely parliamentary; governed once, from 2009 to 2012.","items":[{"t":"Its predecessor party formed a government in 2009 and lost office in 2012.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"komeito","n":"Komeito","aka":"","yr":"1964–","pl":"Japan","region":"Asia","countries":["Japan"],"fam":"Religious Centrist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[0,2,-3,3,1,-8],"core":"A party founded by a lay Buddhist organisation, committed to welfare, pacifism and coalition moderation.","econ":"Child allowances, welfare expansion, consumption tax relief for low incomes.","org":"Has been the junior coalition partner almost continuously since 1999 and has restrained security legislation from inside.","note":"One of the few explicitly religious parties in the dataset coded pacifist and centrist rather than traditionalist.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded at zero: child allowances and welfare expansion with fiscal moderation.","items":[{"t":"Secured the child allowance and consumption tax relief for low incomes in coalition.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +2: a lay Buddhist base with pacifist commitments.","items":[{"t":"Founded by the Soka Gakkai lay organisation in 1964.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: coalition moderation as its stated function.","items":[{"t":"Constrained the 2015 security legislation from inside the governing coalition.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: national government with a strong local organisational base.","items":[{"t":"The party's strength rests on dense local branch organisation.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: a religious organisational base with a civic membership position.","items":[{"t":"The party has supported expanded rights for foreign residents.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: continuous coalition participation since 1999.","items":[{"t":"Has been the junior partner in government for almost all of the last twenty-five years.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"pdip","n":"PDI-P","aka":"Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle","yr":"1999–","pl":"Indonesia","region":"Asia","countries":["Indonesia"],"fam":"Secular Nationalist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-2,1,3,4,3,-5],"core":"Sukarnoist secular nationalism and Pancasila pluralism, against political Islam and for the unity of the archipelago.","econ":"Fuel subsidies, infrastructure, resource downstreaming, state enterprise expansion.","org":"Competitive presidential democracy; the party held the presidency from 2014 to 2024 and lost it in 2024.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: fuel subsidies, infrastructure and state enterprise expansion.","items":[{"t":"The health insurance scheme JKN was extended toward universal coverage after 2014.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +1: secular nationalist against political Islam.","items":[{"t":"Defends Pancasila against proposals for an Islamic legal basis for the state.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: competitive democracy, with the party holding then losing the presidency.","items":[{"t":"Held the presidency from 2014 to 2024 and lost it at the 2024 election.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a unitary state with the archipelago's unity as a founding commitment.","items":[{"t":"Opposes federalism as a threat to national unity.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: Pancasila pluralism with six recognised religions.","items":[{"t":"Atheism is not a recognised option on identity documents.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: electoral throughout since 1999.","items":[{"t":"Descends from the party suppressed under the New Order and legalised at the transition.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nahdlatul","n":"Nahdlatul Ulama","aka":"NU","yr":"1926–","pl":"Indonesia","region":"Asia","countries":["Indonesia"],"fam":"Traditionalist Islamic Civil Society","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[1,5,-3,-2,4,-8],"core":"The largest Muslim organisation in the world, committed to a form of Islam explicitly compatible with a non-religious state.","econ":"A vast network of schools, clinics, cooperatives and pesantren rather than an economic doctrine.","org":"Defends Pancasila and rejects an Islamic state; supplied Indonesia's first democratically elected president.","note":"Roughly forty million members, and the single most important counter-example to the claim that mass traditional Islam and constitutional pluralism are incompatible.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: a vast school and clinic network rather than an economic doctrine.","items":[{"t":"Operates tens of thousands of pesantren boarding schools across the archipelago.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: traditionalist Islamic practice with explicit constitutional pluralism.","items":[{"t":"Its 1984 congress accepted Pancasila as the sole ideological basis, ending the Islamic state question for its members.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: a civil society organisation that supplied a democratically elected president.","items":[{"t":"Its chairman became Indonesia's first president elected by a free parliament, in 1999.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: a federated structure of local branches and schools.","items":[{"t":"Authority runs through regional boards and independent pesantren.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a confessional organisation defending the rights of non-Muslims.","items":[{"t":"Its Islam Nusantara doctrine explicitly rejects a caliphate and defends religious minorities.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −8: institution-building over a century.","items":[{"t":"Founded in 1926 and has never had an armed wing or sought power by force.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"hunsen","n":"Cambodian People's Party","aka":"Hun Sen","yr":"1979–","pl":"Cambodia","region":"Asia","countries":["Cambodia"],"fam":"Personalist Dominant","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,6,9,7,5,-3],"core":"A party installed by the Vietnamese invasion that ended the Khmer Rouge, and which has governed ever since through elections it does not lose.","econ":"Garment exports, construction, Chinese investment, land concessions displacing rural communities.","org":"The main opposition party was dissolved by the supreme court in 2017; the 2018 election returned every parliamentary seat to the governing party.","note":"Power passed from father to son in 2023 without an election contest. A hereditary succession inside a nominally multi-party republic.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: garment exports, construction and Chinese investment.","items":[{"t":"Economic land concessions displaced hundreds of thousands of rural residents.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: a conservative order with a personality cult around the ruling family.","items":[{"t":"Public criticism of the ruling family carries criminal penalties.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: the main opposition party dissolved by court before an election.","items":[{"t":"The Cambodia National Rescue Party was dissolved in 2017 and the 2018 election returned all 125 seats to the governing party.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Power passed from father to son in 2023 without a contested succession.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a centralised state with appointed provincial governors.","items":[{"t":"Provincial governors are appointed by the central government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: Khmer national identity with the Vietnamese minority excluded from citizenship.","items":[{"t":"Ethnic Vietnamese long resident in Cambodia have had documents revoked.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: continuity through elections it does not lose.","items":[{"t":"The 1993 UN-supervised election was lost by the party, which then forced a co-premiership and took full power in 1997.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"mongolia","n":"Mongolian Democracy","aka":"","yr":"1990–","pl":"Mongolia","region":"Asia","countries":["Mongolia"],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,3,-3,2,3,-6],"core":"A former single-party communist state that transitioned by negotiation and has alternated in power ever since.","econ":"Copper and coal exports, a sovereign wealth fund, direct dividend payments to citizens.","org":"Repeated peaceful transfers, a free press, and a constitutional court, between two much larger authoritarian neighbours.","note":"Included because geography is regularly offered as an explanation for authoritarianism, and this case does not fit it.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: mining exports with a sovereign fund and citizen dividends.","items":[{"t":"Direct cash payments from mining revenue were made to all citizens from 2010.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: socially moderate with legal protection for gender identity since 2017.","items":[{"t":"The 2017 criminal code added protections on sexual orientation and gender identity.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: repeated peaceful transfers between two blocs since 1990.","items":[{"t":"The former ruling communist party lost power in 1996 and has alternated since.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a unitary state with provincial administration.","items":[{"t":"Aimag governors are appointed with local assembly consent.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a strong ethnic Mongolian national identity with civic citizenship.","items":[{"t":"Citizenship is available by naturalisation but rarely granted.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: a negotiated transition from single-party rule in 1990.","items":[{"t":"The transition followed hunger strikes and the voluntary resignation of the politburo.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"baloch","n":"Baloch Nationalism","aka":"","yr":"1948–","pl":"Pakistan, Iran","region":"Transnational","countries":["Iran","Pakistan"],"fam":"Ethnic Secessionist","t":"movement","pw":0,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-3,3,3,-7,7,6],"core":"Self-determination for a people divided across three states, over a territory holding gas, minerals and a deep-water port.","econ":"Claims to provincial control of gas and mineral revenue extracted for national benefit.","org":"A mix of parliamentary parties and armed groups; enforced disappearances of activists are widely documented.","note":"Coded at low confidence. Included because stateless peoples are systematically absent from party-based datasets.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: claims to provincial control of gas and mineral revenue.","items":[{"t":"Sui gas has been extracted since 1952 with a small royalty share returned to the province.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: a tribal social order with secular nationalist politics.","items":[{"t":"The movement's leadership has been largely secular and tribal rather than religious.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: parliamentary parties alongside armed groups and documented disappearances.","items":[{"t":"Enforced disappearances of activists have been documented for two decades by domestic and international bodies.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −7: provincial autonomy or independence as the demand.","items":[{"t":"Successive insurgencies since 1948 have demanded autonomy or separation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: an ethnic national community divided across three states.","items":[{"t":"Baloch populations live in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan under separate jurisdictions.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: five insurgencies since 1948.","items":[{"t":"The current phase began in 2004 and continues.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"assad","n":"Assadist Syria","aka":"","yr":"1970–2024","pl":"Syria","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Syria"],"fam":"Personalist Ba'athist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-3,5,10,9,7,8],"core":"A Ba'athist state converted into a hereditary family regime resting on a sectarian security core.","econ":"State industry and subsidies, then partial liberalisation benefiting a regime-linked business class, then a war economy.","org":"Emergency law in force from 1963 to 2011; a hereditary succession in 2000; chemical weapons used against civilian areas.","note":"Fell in December 2024 after fourteen years of civil war and more than half a million deaths. Coded to the period of the regime.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: state industry and subsidies, then liberalisation benefiting a regime-linked class.","items":[{"t":"The social market economy policy after 2005 concentrated ownership among presidential relatives.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: secular in doctrine, sectarian in the security core.","items":[{"t":"Personal status law remained confessional; senior security posts were concentrated in one community.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: emergency law from 1963 to 2011 and a hereditary succession.","items":[{"t":"The constitution was amended in 2000 within hours to lower the presidential age requirement for the incumbent's son.","k":"rec"},{"t":"The Hama massacre of 1982 killed an estimated 10,000 to 40,000 people.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: a centralised state administered through security branches.","items":[{"t":"Multiple parallel intelligence services reported directly to the presidency.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: Arab nationalism with Kurds stripped of citizenship from 1962.","items":[{"t":"Around 120,000 Syrian Kurds were left stateless by the 1962 census and only partly restored in 2011.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: chemical weapons used against civilian areas.","items":[{"t":"The OPCW-UN joint mechanism attributed multiple chemical attacks to Syrian government forces.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"hts","n":"Syrian Transitional Authority","aka":"HTS-led","yr":"2024–","pl":"Syria","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Syria"],"fam":"Islamist Transitional","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,8,8,7,7,6],"core":"An Islamist armed group that took Damascus and now administers a transition it has promised will end in elections.","econ":"Sanctions relief negotiations, reconstruction, currency stabilisation, an economy destroyed by fourteen years of war.","org":"A transitional constitutional declaration issued in 2025 with a multi-year timetable and no elected legislature yet.","note":"Coded at the lowest confidence in the dataset. The trajectory of this entry is genuinely undetermined and any score here should be treated as provisional.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: sanctions relief negotiations and currency stabilisation in a destroyed economy.","items":[{"t":"Around 90% of the population was below the poverty line at the transition.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +8: an Islamist movement issuing assurances to minorities it has yet to institutionalise.","items":[{"t":"The 2025 constitutional declaration names Islamic jurisprudence as a main source of legislation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: a transitional authority with no elected legislature.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional declaration provides for a multi-year transition with an appointed assembly.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +7: a unitary state contending with autonomous regions in the north-east.","items":[{"t":"Integration agreements with the north-eastern administration were signed in 2025 and remain partial.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: assurances to Alawite, Druze and Christian communities against a record of sectarian violence.","items":[{"t":"Coastal violence in March 2025 killed large numbers of Alawite civilians.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +6: power taken by armed offensive in eleven days.","items":[{"t":"Damascus fell in December 2024 after a rapid offensive from Idlib.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"houthis","n":"Ansar Allah","aka":"Houthis","yr":"2004–","pl":"Yemen","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Yemen"],"fam":"Zaydi Islamist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-3,9,9,5,8,8],"core":"A Zaydi revivalist movement that took the Yemeni capital in 2014 and governs most of the population by force.","econ":"Taxation of trade and aid, fuel imports, a collapsed formal economy and famine conditions.","org":"No elections, a supervisory system placing appointees over ministries, detention of aid workers and journalists.","note":"Its slogan and its founding grievance are anti-imperial rather than sectarian in framing, which its opponents dispute.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: taxation of trade and aid in a collapsed formal economy.","items":[{"t":"Aid diversion and taxation of imports through Hodeidah are the principal revenue sources.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +9: a Zaydi revivalist order with restrictions on women's movement.","items":[{"t":"Mahram escort requirements for women's travel were imposed from 2021.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: appointed supervisors placed over ministries and no elections.","items":[{"t":"The mushrif system places movement appointees above formal ministers.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: control of the capital and the most populous regions.","items":[{"t":"Around two-thirds of Yemen's population lives in territory it administers.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +8: a doctrine of descent-based leadership from the Prophet's family.","items":[{"t":"The Hashemite sayyid lineage is treated as the basis of legitimate rule.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +8: power taken by armed seizure of the capital in 2014.","items":[{"t":"Detentions of UN and NGO staff have continued since 2023.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"gulfmodel","n":"Gulf Rentier Modernism","aka":"UAE, Qatar","yr":"1971–","pl":"UAE, Qatar","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Qatar","UAE"],"fam":"Traditionalist Monarchist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[6,6,9,6,9,-4],"core":"Hereditary monarchies delivering very high incomes and rapid social liberalisation without any political participation at all.","econ":"Hydrocarbon revenue, sovereign wealth funds, aviation and finance hubs, an overwhelmingly foreign workforce.","org":"No elected national legislature with power; parties banned; criticism of the ruler criminalised.","note":"Around 88% of UAE residents are non-citizens with no path to citizenship, which is the highest exclusion score attached to any wealthy state here.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: hydrocarbon revenue, sovereign funds and aviation and finance hubs.","items":[{"t":"The UAE and Qatar sovereign funds are among the ten largest in the world.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: rapid social liberalisation without political liberalisation.","items":[{"t":"The UAE decriminalised cohabitation and alcohol consumption in 2020.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: no elected national legislature with power and no parties.","items":[{"t":"Political parties are banned; the UAE's Federal National Council is half appointed and advisory.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: federations of emirates with authority concentrated in one or two of them.","items":[{"t":"Abu Dhabi holds the presidency of the UAE federation by convention.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the exclusionary end: around 88% of UAE residents are non-citizens with no path to citizenship.","items":[{"t":"Naturalisation was opened in 2021 to a small number of nominated individuals only.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: change by decree, fast in social policy and absent in political structure.","items":[{"t":"Labour law reform and social liberalisation have both been executed by decree.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"iraqshia","n":"Iraqi Shia Party Blocs","aka":"","yr":"2003–","pl":"Iraq","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Iraq"],"fam":"Confessional Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-1,7,5,5,7,2],"core":"Confessional parties competing for control of a state whose offices are allocated by sect and ethnicity by convention.","econ":"Oil revenue funding a very large public payroll; almost no non-oil economy.","org":"Genuine competitive elections with very low turnout, alongside armed factions that are also parties.","note":"The muhasasa apportionment system was designed to prevent domination by one group and has produced a state that no one can reform.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: oil revenue funding a very large public payroll.","items":[{"t":"Public sector salaries and pensions consume the majority of the federal budget.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: confessional parties with religious authority in personal status law.","items":[{"t":"A 2025 amendment permitted personal status matters to be transferred to religious jurisdiction.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: genuinely competitive elections alongside armed factions that are also parties.","items":[{"t":"Turnout fell to around 41% in 2021; several parliamentary blocs maintain their own armed forces.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: a federal constitution with one functioning autonomous region.","items":[{"t":"The Kurdistan Region has its own government, parliament and armed forces under the 2005 constitution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +7: offices allocated by sect and ethnicity by convention.","items":[{"t":"The muhasasa system assigns the presidency, premiership and speakership to different communities.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: electoral politics conducted alongside militia power.","items":[{"t":"The 2019 protest movement was met with the killing of around 600 demonstrators.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"snp","n":"Scottish National Party","aka":"SNP","yr":"1934–","pl":"Scotland, Britain","region":"Europe","countries":["Britain","Scotland"],"fam":"Civic Nationalist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-4,-6,-4,-7,-3,-5],"core":"Independence for Scotland pursued entirely by referendum, combined with social democratic policy and an explicitly civic definition of the nation.","econ":"Free tuition and prescriptions, a Scottish child payment, higher income tax bands, opposition to austerity.","org":"Devolved government since 2007; a legally agreed independence referendum in 2014, lost 45–55 and accepted.","note":"The clearest civic-nationalist coordinate in the dataset: residence rather than ancestry defined who could vote on the nation's existence.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: free tuition and prescriptions funded by higher income tax bands.","items":[{"t":"Scotland has had distinct income tax bands since 2018, with higher rates above around £43,000.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: liberal social legislation ahead of the rest of the UK.","items":[{"t":"Legislated same-sex marriage in 2014 and made period products free by law in 2020.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: devolved parliament under proportional representation, and a referendum it agreed to lose.","items":[{"t":"The Edinburgh Agreement of 2012 committed both governments to respect the result.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −7: independence, and maximum devolution short of it.","items":[{"t":"The 2014 referendum was lost 45 to 55 and the result was accepted.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −3: residence, not ancestry, defined the franchise on the nation's existence.","items":[{"t":"EU and Commonwealth citizens resident in Scotland voted in 2014; Scots living elsewhere in the UK did not.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: entirely constitutional throughout.","items":[{"t":"Has sought a second referendum through legislation and the supreme court, which ruled against it in 2022.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"catalanindep","n":"Catalan Independence Movement","aka":"Procés","yr":"2010–","pl":"Catalonia, Spain","region":"Europe","countries":["Spain"],"fam":"Civic Nationalist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-2,-4,-2,-8,1,2],"core":"Self-determination for Catalonia after a constitutional court struck down the autonomy statute its voters had approved.","econ":"A coalition spanning market liberals and anti-capitalists, held together by the constitutional question alone.","org":"Held a referendum in 2017 that Spanish courts ruled illegal; its leaders were imprisoned or fled, and later amnestied.","note":"Included as the counter-case to Scotland: the same demand, pursued outside an agreed legal route, with a very different outcome.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −2: a coalition spanning market liberals and anti-capitalists.","items":[{"t":"The pro-independence bloc has included both the centre-right PDeCAT tradition and the anti-capitalist CUP.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −4: socially liberal across the coalition.","items":[{"t":"Catalonia legislated on gender violence and LGBT rights ahead of Spanish national law.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: a referendum held against a constitutional court ruling.","items":[{"t":"The 2017 referendum was suspended by the constitutional court and held anyway.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −8: separation from the Spanish state as the demand.","items":[{"t":"The 2010 ruling striking down parts of the autonomy statute, which Catalan voters had approved, is the movement's origin point.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: a linguistic and civic definition rather than an ancestral one.","items":[{"t":"Independence organisations have explicitly included Spanish-speaking and immigrant-origin residents.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +2: mass mobilisation and a unilateral declaration, without violence.","items":[{"t":"Nine leaders were sentenced for sedition in 2019 and amnestied in 2024.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"ehbildu","n":"EH Bildu","aka":"Basque left nationalism","yr":"2012–","pl":"Basque Country, Spain","region":"Europe","countries":["Spain"],"fam":"Left Nationalist","t":"party","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-6,-5,-3,-8,2,-3],"core":"Basque self-determination and socialism, from a tradition whose armed wing dissolved in 2018.","econ":"Public investment, a Basque social wage, cooperative economy, opposition to labour market deregulation.","org":"Contests every election and holds municipal and provincial government; ETA declared a permanent ceasefire in 2011 and dissolved in 2018.","note":"A second completed transition from armed struggle to constitutional politics, alongside Sinn Féin and Nepal's Maoists.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: public investment and a Basque social wage.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to a regional minimum income and public housing expansion.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: socially liberal and feminist in programme.","items":[{"t":"Supports abortion access, trans self-identification and Basque-language public services.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: contests every election and holds municipal and provincial office.","items":[{"t":"Holds hundreds of municipal councillors and several provincial governments.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −8: Basque self-determination as the constitutive demand.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to a referendum on the territory's status.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: a linguistic national community with open membership.","items":[{"t":"Campaigns in Basque and Spanish and organises among immigrant-origin residents.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: the second completed transition from armed struggle in this dataset.","items":[{"t":"ETA declared a permanent ceasefire in 2011, disarmed in 2017 and dissolved in 2018.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"servant","n":"Servant of the People","aka":"Zelensky","yr":"2019–","pl":"Ukraine","region":"Europe","countries":["Ukraine"],"fam":"Anti-establishment Liberal","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,-3,2,3,-1,-3],"core":"An anti-corruption outsider party named after a television programme, governing a country under full-scale invasion.","econ":"Land market opened in 2020, deregulation, IMF programmes, a war economy sustained by external finance.","org":"Elections suspended under martial law since 2022, as the constitution requires; opposition parties with Russian links banned.","note":"Coded with the war explicitly in view. A state whose elections are lawfully suspended is not the same measurement as one whose elections are meaningless, and the atlas records the difference.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: land market opened and deregulation, inside a war economy.","items":[{"t":"The agricultural land moratorium was lifted in 2020 after twenty years.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −3: liberal by regional standards, with religion outside the state.","items":[{"t":"Ukraine's Orthodox church obtained autocephaly in 2019 and same-sex partnership legislation is before parliament.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: elections lawfully suspended under martial law, opposition parties with Russian links banned.","items":[{"t":"The constitution prohibits national elections while martial law is in force.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Eleven parties were suspended in 2022 on grounds of links to the invading state.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with decentralisation reforms since 2015.","items":[{"t":"The amalgamated community reform devolved substantial revenue to municipalities.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −1: civic citizenship, with language legislation contested.","items":[{"t":"The 2019 language law made Ukrainian mandatory in most public contexts.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: an outsider party that took power by election.","items":[{"t":"Won the presidency and a parliamentary majority in 2019 without any extra-constitutional action.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"maidan","n":"Euromaidan","aka":"Revolution of Dignity","yr":"2013–2014","pl":"Ukraine","region":"Europe","countries":["Ukraine"],"fam":"Civic Uprising","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,-5,-6,-1,-1,4],"core":"A mass occupation triggered by a government's refusal to sign an association agreement, which became a demand for the removal of the government itself.","econ":"No unified programme; European integration was the shared demand rather than a distributive one.","org":"Occupation and self-organised defence; ended with the president fleeing and parliament voting to remove him.","note":"Around a hundred protesters were killed. Coded as an uprising rather than a party, and its coordinates are the movement's, not those of any government that followed.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: no unified economic programme.","items":[{"t":"The occupation united liberals, nationalists and trade unionists around a single external demand.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: European integration framed as a civic and legal aspiration.","items":[{"t":"The trigger was the refusal to sign the EU association agreement in November 2013.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −6: a demand for the removal of a government by constitutional vote.","items":[{"t":"Parliament voted to remove the president in February 2014 after he left the capital.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −1: a national movement with self-organised local defence.","items":[{"t":"The Maidan Self-Defence organised in hundreds, by unit, on the square itself.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −1: civic in framing, with a nationalist minority.","items":[{"t":"Right-wing organisations were present and were a small share of participants by every survey conducted.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +4: occupation escalating to confrontation, with around a hundred protesters killed.","items":[{"t":"The Heavenly Hundred were shot in the final days of February 2014.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"lukashenko","n":"Belarusian Presidency","aka":"Lukashenko","yr":"1994–","pl":"Belarus","region":"Europe","countries":["Belarus"],"fam":"Personalist Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":3,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-5,7,10,9,5,-4],"core":"A collective-farm manager elected in 1994 who abolished the term limits on his own office and has never left it.","econ":"State ownership retained across industry and agriculture on a scale unique in Europe; Russian energy subsidies.","org":"Referendums in 1996 and 2004 removed parliamentary checks and term limits; the 2020 election produced mass protest and mass imprisonment.","note":"Europe's most state-owned economy and its most concentrated authority, in the same country. Frequently called the last dictatorship in Europe.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −5: the most state-owned economy in Europe.","items":[{"t":"State enterprises still account for around half of employment and output.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: Soviet-continuity social conservatism.","items":[{"t":"Independent media, unions and NGOs have been liquidated by court order since 2020.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: term limits and parliamentary checks abolished by referendum.","items":[{"t":"The 1996 referendum extended the term and stripped parliament; the 2004 one removed term limits entirely.","k":"rec"},{"t":"Around 35,000 people were detained after the 2020 election.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +9: a centralised state with appointed regional executives.","items":[{"t":"Regional and district executives are presidential appointees.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: a Soviet-Belarusian identity with Belarusian-language activism treated as suspect.","items":[{"t":"Belarusian-language schooling has declined to a small minority of pupils.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: continuity as the governing purpose.","items":[{"t":"Thirty years in office with no transfer of power.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"nva","n":"New Flemish Alliance","aka":"N-VA","yr":"2001–","pl":"Belgium","region":"Europe","countries":["Belgium"],"fam":"Civic Nationalist Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[6,5,-2,-7,4,-5],"core":"Flemish autonomy pursued by gradual constitutional reform rather than rupture, combined with economic liberalism.","econ":"Labour market flexibility, pension reform, reduced federal transfers to Wallonia.","org":"Advocates confederalism: a Belgium in which the regions delegate powers upward rather than receive them.","note":"Sits far from the Vlaams Belang on method and close to it on membership, which is why both are coded and neither stands for Flemish politics alone.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: labour market flexibility and reduced federal transfers.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to regionalising labour market policy and reducing inter-regional transfers.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: culturally conservative with a liberal legal framework unchallenged.","items":[{"t":"Belgium's abortion and euthanasia laws are not contested by the party.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −2: constitutional reform by negotiation across six previous rounds.","items":[{"t":"Belgium has been reformed by six state reforms since 1970, all negotiated.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −7: confederalism, in which the regions delegate powers upward.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to a confederal Belgium with residual powers held regionally.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a Flemish national community defined by language and residence.","items":[{"t":"The party has run candidates of immigrant 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every election since 1978 and holds parliamentary seats at every level.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"finnsparty","n":"Finns Party","aka":"Perussuomalaiset","yr":"1995–","pl":"Finland","region":"Europe","countries":["Finland"],"fam":"Radical Right Populist","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[2,8,3,2,8,-4],"core":"Finnish national identity, restriction of immigration and asylum, and defence of the welfare state for those already inside it.","econ":"Defends pensions and rural subsidy while opposing climate levies and development aid.","org":"Entered national government in 2015 and 2023, splitting once over whether office was worth the moderation it required.","note":"The Nordic welfare-chauvinist pattern in its clearest form: economically centrist, culturally at the far end.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: welfare defence combined with opposition to climate levies and aid.","items":[{"t":"Programme commits to protecting pensions and rural subsidy 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A high exclusion score attached to a high-functioning liberal democracy.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +6: flat taxes, currency boards and rapid liberalisation.","items":[{"t":"Estonia introduced Europe's first flat income tax in 1994.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: socially moderate with strong national-cultural policy.","items":[{"t":"Estonia legalised same-sex marriage in 2024, the first in the region.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −4: full parliamentary democracies with strong rule of law.","items":[{"t":"All three rank in the upper tier of European democracy and press freedom indices.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: small unitary states inside the EU and NATO.","items":[{"t":"All three joined both in 2004.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: citizenship defined by descent from pre-1940 citizens.","items":[{"t":"Around 200,000 residents of Latvia and Estonia still hold non-citizen status.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: independence restored by referendum and negotiation.","items":[{"t":"The 1991 restoration was framed legally as continuity with the pre-1940 republics.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"dayton","n":"Dayton Bosnia","aka":"","yr":"1995–","pl":"Bosnia","region":"Europe","countries":["Bosnia"],"fam":"Consociational","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[3,5,4,-3,8,-5],"core":"A constitution written to stop a war, which allocates every office by ethnicity and has proved almost impossible to amend.","econ":"Fragmented across two entities and ten cantons; high unemployment and emigration.","org":"A three-member rotating presidency by ethnicity, an international High Representative with power to impose laws and dismiss officials.","note":"The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2009 that citizens outside the three constituent peoples are unlawfully barred from high office. The ruling remains unimplemented.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: an economy fragmented across two entities and ten cantons.","items":[{"t":"Public administration consumes an unusually high share of GDP across the layers.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: three national communities with parallel institutions.","items":[{"t":"Schools operate under the two-schools-under-one-roof arrangement in parts of the federation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: elected institutions under an international official who can dismiss them.","items":[{"t":"The High Representative's Bonn powers permit imposing law and removing elected officials.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −3: authority concentrated in entities and cantons rather than the state.","items":[{"t":"The state has few exclusive competences under the Dayton constitution.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the exclusionary end: offices allocated by constituent people.","items":[{"t":"The European Court of Human Rights ruled in Sejdić and Finci v Bosnia in 2009 that this is unlawful; it remains in force.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: a constitution written to stop a war, and unamendable in practice.","items":[{"t":"No substantive amendment has passed in thirty years.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"hdz","n":"Croatian Democratic Union","aka":"HDZ","yr":"1989–","pl":"Croatia","region":"Europe","countries":["Croatia"],"fam":"National Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[5,6,4,3,5,-3],"core":"The party of Croatian independence, dominant since, combining Catholic national identity with EU membership.","econ":"Tourism-led, EU structural funds, privatisation, shipyard restructuring.","org":"Alternates in and out of government; several of its leaders have been convicted of corruption.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: tourism, EU funds and privatisation.","items":[{"t":"Croatia adopted the euro and joined Schengen in 2023.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: Catholic national identity in education and public life.","items":[{"t":"A 2013 referendum defined marriage constitutionally as between a man and a woman.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: alternation in government with repeated corruption convictions.","items":[{"t":"A former prime minister was convicted and imprisoned for corruption in 2012.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state within the EU.","items":[{"t":"Counties have limited fiscal autonomy.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +5: a Croatian national community with diaspora voting rights.","items":[{"t":"Diaspora voters elect reserved parliamentary seats.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: the independence party, now an ordinary governing party.","items":[{"t":"Has alternated in and out of office since 2000.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"gerb","n":"GERB","aka":"","yr":"2006–","pl":"Bulgaria","region":"Europe","countries":["Bulgaria"],"fam":"Conservative","t":"party","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[5,5,4,4,4,-4],"core":"A personalist centre-right party that has dominated a system so unstable it has held seven elections in four years.","econ":"EU funds, low flat tax, energy dependence on Russian supply until 2022.","org":"Repeated inconclusive elections and short-lived governments; sustained anti-corruption protests in 2020.","note":"Coded at low confidence. Bulgaria's party system is currently the least stable in the EU.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: low flat tax with EU structural funds as the main investment source.","items":[{"t":"Bulgaria has a 10% flat income and corporate tax.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: socially conservative with an Orthodox national frame.","items":[{"t":"The constitutional court ruled against ratifying the Istanbul Convention in 2018.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4 with low confidence: seven elections in four years.","items":[{"t":"Sustained anti-corruption protests in 2020 and repeated inconclusive parliaments since.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a centralised unitary state.","items":[{"t":"Regional governors are appointed by the government.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a national frame with a large Turkish and Roma minority.","items":[{"t":"A Turkish-minority party has held parliamentary seats continuously since 1990.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: entirely electoral.","items":[{"t":"Has led and lost government repeatedly since 2009.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"kuwait","n":"Kuwaiti Parliamentary Monarchy","aka":"","yr":"1962–","pl":"Kuwait","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Kuwait"],"fam":"Constitutional Monarchist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[3,7,6,5,9,-5],"core":"A Gulf monarchy with the region's most powerful elected parliament, which has repeatedly forced ministers out and been dissolved for it.","econ":"Oil revenue funding very large public employment and transfers; a small private sector; a majority-foreign workforce.","org":"The National Assembly can interpellate and remove ministers; the emir has dissolved it more than a dozen times and suspended it entirely in 2024.","note":"Coded lower on authority than any other Gulf state and higher than any parliamentary democracy. The point of the entry is that the middle of that axis is populated.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +3: oil revenue funding very large public employment.","items":[{"t":"Around three-quarters of Kuwaiti citizens work for the state.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: a conservative social order with an Islamist parliamentary bloc.","items":[{"t":"Alcohol is prohibited and personal status law is confessional.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: the region's most powerful elected parliament, repeatedly dissolved.","items":[{"t":"The National Assembly can interpellate and force out ministers; it has been dissolved more than a dozen times and suspended entirely in 2024.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: a small unitary state with no elected local tier.","items":[{"t":"Governorates are administered by appointment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: the bidoon population is stateless by administrative decision.","items":[{"t":"Over 90,000 long-resident bidoon hold no citizenship of any state.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −5: constitutional continuity since 1962 with periodic suspension.","items":[{"t":"The 1962 constitution has been suspended and restored several times.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"jordan","n":"Hashemite Monarchy","aka":"","yr":"1946–","pl":"Jordan","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Jordan"],"fam":"Constitutional Monarchist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,7,8,6,6,-6],"core":"A monarchy that has survived by managing a population majority of Palestinian origin, regional wars and repeated refugee influxes.","econ":"Aid-dependent, phosphates and services, IMF programmes, very high youth unemployment.","org":"Elected parliament with an appointed senate and a monarch who appoints and dismisses governments.","note":"Hosts one of the largest refugee populations per head in the world, which is the central fact of its politics and rarely the reported one.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: aid dependence, phosphates and services under IMF programmes.","items":[{"t":"External grants and remittances are a substantial share of GDP.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +7: tribal and Islamic social order with monarchical religious authority.","items":[{"t":"Personal status law is confessional and the monarch claims descent from the Prophet.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: elected parliament, appointed senate, monarch appoints and dismisses governments.","items":[{"t":"Parliament was suspended entirely between 2001 and 2003.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +6: a centralised state with appointed governors.","items":[{"t":"Governorate administration is by royal appointment.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: a Transjordanian-Palestinian distinction that structures political rights.","items":[{"t":"Electoral districting systematically over-represents rural Transjordanian areas.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −6: the monarchy's method is accommodation and survival.","items":[{"t":"It has survived three regional wars and multiple refugee influxes without changing form.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"lprp","n":"Lao People's Revolutionary Party","aka":"LPRP","yr":"1955–","pl":"Laos","region":"Asia","countries":["Laos"],"fam":"Communist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[1,5,9,8,4,-3],"core":"A one-party communist state that liberalised its economy and never its politics, in the shadow of two much larger neighbours.","econ":"Hydropower exports, mining, Chinese rail investment and the debt that came with it; private enterprise legalised from 1986.","org":"Single party, no independent press, no legal opposition; the national assembly is elected from vetted candidates.","note":"The most heavily bombed country per head in history. Coded at low confidence because independent reporting is minimal.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +1: hydropower and mining with private enterprise legalised since 1986.","items":[{"t":"The New Economic Mechanism of 1986 opened the economy while retaining party control.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: a conservative order with state-supervised Buddhism.","items":[{"t":"Religious organisations operate under state registration.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: single party, no legal opposition, vetted candidates.","items":[{"t":"The constitution names the party the leading nucleus of the political system.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: centralised planning with provincial administration.","items":[{"t":"Provincial governors are appointed centrally.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a Lao national identity over dozens of upland minorities.","items":[{"t":"Hmong communities faced sustained reprisals after 1975.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: the party is the established order.","items":[{"t":"Power was taken in 1975 and has not been contested since.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"timor","n":"Timor-Leste","aka":"Fretilin / CNRT","yr":"2002–","pl":"Timor-Leste","region":"Transnational","countries":[],"fam":"Post-conflict Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-3,3,-3,2,2,-4],"core":"A state built after twenty-four years of occupation and a referendum, which has held every election since and transferred power repeatedly.","econ":"A petroleum fund holding the great majority of national wealth; very high aid and oil dependence; subsistence agriculture.","org":"Semi-presidential democracy with peaceful alternation, including between former resistance rivals.","note":"Ranks among the freest states in Southeast Asia on most indices, twenty-five years after an occupation that killed perhaps a quarter of the population.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −3: a petroleum fund holding almost all national wealth.","items":[{"t":"The fund is drawn down under a statutory sustainable income rule.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +3: a devoutly Catholic society with a secular constitution.","items":[{"t":"Abortion remains criminalised; the constitution guarantees religious freedom.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: repeated peaceful transfers between former resistance rivals.","items":[{"t":"Presidential and parliamentary power has alternated several times since 2002.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +2: a small unitary state with municipal administration.","items":[{"t":"Municipalities were established in 2016 with limited competences.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +2: a national identity forged in occupation, with Portuguese and Tetum official.","items":[{"t":"Both are constitutional official languages.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: independence by UN-supervised referendum after armed resistance.","items":[{"t":"The 1999 referendum returned 78.5% for independence and was followed by militia violence.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"naxalite","n":"Naxalite Movement","aka":"CPI (Maoist)","yr":"1967–","pl":"India","region":"Asia","countries":["India"],"fam":"Maoist Insurgent","t":"movement","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-9,-2,8,3,1,9],"core":"An armed peasant movement in India's forested tribal belt, which the Indian state has described as its gravest internal security threat.","econ":"Land seizure and redistribution, taxation of mining and forest contractors in areas it controls.","org":"A clandestine party with military commands; no electoral participation; rival factions have entered politics separately.","note":"Overlaps almost exactly with the mineral belt and the areas of greatest tribal displacement, which is the movement's own explanation of itself.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −9: land seizure and taxation of extraction.","items":[{"t":"The movement levies on mining and forest contractors in areas it controls.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −2: egalitarian on caste and gender within an authoritarian command.","items":[{"t":"A large share of cadres are Adivasi and a substantial minority are women.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +8: a clandestine party with military commands and no electoral participation.","items":[{"t":"Front organisations have been banned and the party is proscribed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: regional guerrilla zones under a central committee.","items":[{"t":"The movement operates across a corridor spanning several states.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +1: a class frame organised among Adivasi communities.","items":[{"t":"Its territory overlaps closely with the areas of greatest tribal displacement.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +9: armed struggle as the constitutive method.","items":[{"t":"The Indian government has described it as the gravest internal security threat.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"tudeh","n":"Tudeh Party","aka":"","yr":"1941–","pl":"Iran","region":"Middle East & N. Africa","countries":["Iran"],"fam":"Communist","t":"party","pw":1,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-8,-5,4,4,-6,3],"core":"The largest communist party in the Middle East, which backed the 1979 revolution and was destroyed by it two years later.","econ":"Oil nationalisation, land reform, industrial planning, trade union rights.","org":"Legal and mass-membership in the 1940s, banned in 1949, revived in 1979, mass-arrested and forced into televised confession in 1983.","note":"Included because the fate of the left in the Iranian revolution is systematically absent from accounts of it.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −8: oil nationalisation, land reform and industrial planning.","items":[{"t":"The party was central to the campaign that nationalised Anglo-Iranian oil in 1951.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: secular, and campaigning for women's suffrage decades before it was granted.","items":[{"t":"The party ran women's and youth organisations from the 1940s.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +4: a mass legal party that operated clandestinely for most of its life.","items":[{"t":"Legal from 1941, banned in 1949, revived in 1979, destroyed in 1983.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a centralised national party aligned with Moscow.","items":[{"t":"Its alignment with Soviet policy cost it support during the oil nationalisation crisis.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: internationalist and cross-communal.","items":[{"t":"Organised among Azeri, Kurdish and Arab minorities as well as Persians.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: parliamentary in practice, with an armed episode in 1945–46.","items":[{"t":"Its leadership was arrested en masse in 1983 and paraded on television.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sirleaf","n":"Post-War Liberia","aka":"","yr":"2005–","pl":"Liberia","region":"Africa","countries":["Liberia"],"fam":"Post-conflict Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,6,-1,3,4,-4],"core":"A state rebuilt after two civil wars, which elected Africa's first woman head of state and has transferred power by ballot three times.","econ":"Iron ore and rubber concessions, debt relief, very low state capacity, Ebola and commodity shocks.","org":"Competitive elections with incumbents conceding, including a sitting president losing in 2023.","note":"A truth commission recommended barring several figures from office for war crimes; the recommendation was never implemented.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: iron ore and rubber concessions with debt relief.","items":[{"t":"Liberia reached HIPC completion and had most external debt cancelled in 2010.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religiously conservative with strong customary law.","items":[{"t":"Same-sex relations remain criminalised; customary courts operate alongside statutory ones.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −1: three peaceful transfers including a sitting president losing in 2023.","items":[{"t":"The 2005 election was the first after fourteen years of civil war.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a centralised state with county superintendents appointed.","items":[{"t":"Local government reform devolving authority was legislated only in 2018.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: citizenship constitutionally restricted to people of African descent.","items":[{"t":"Article 27 of the constitution limits citizenship by race, a provision inherited from the settler founding.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: constitutional throughout since 2005.","items":[{"t":"The truth commission's recommendation to bar several figures from office was never implemented.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"sierraleone","n":"Post-War Sierra Leone","aka":"SLPP / APC","yr":"2002–","pl":"Sierra Leone","region":"Africa","countries":["Sierra Leone"],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[4,6,1,3,4,-4],"core":"Two regionally based parties alternating in power after a war notorious for amputation and child soldiering.","econ":"Diamonds, iron ore, agriculture; among the lowest incomes in the world; free quality education from 2018.","org":"Power has changed hands by election in 2007 and 2018; the special court convicted a former Liberian president for his role in the war.","note":"","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: minerals and agriculture with free quality education from 2018.","items":[{"t":"Around a fifth of the national budget was allocated to the free education programme.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religiously plural and socially conservative.","items":[{"t":"Christian and Muslim communities coexist with unusually low friction; same-sex relations remain criminalised.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +1: power has changed hands by election twice since the war.","items":[{"t":"Alternation occurred in 2007 and 2018.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state with paramount chiefs in the districts.","items":[{"t":"Chieftaincy remains a formal tier of local governance.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: two regionally based parties mapping onto ethnic blocs.","items":[{"t":"Voting correlates strongly with region and language group.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: a war ended by intervention and a special court.","items":[{"t":"The special court convicted a former Liberian president in 2012 for his role in it.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"alshabaab","n":"Al-Shabaab","aka":"","yr":"2006–","pl":"Somalia","region":"Africa","countries":["Somalia"],"fam":"Jihadist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[-1,10,10,4,9,10],"core":"An insurgency that governs substantial rural territory, taxes it more effectively than the recognised government, and enforces a severe legal code.","econ":"Checkpoint taxation, extortion of businesses and charcoal exports; it collects revenue in areas it does not militarily hold.","org":"No elections, no institutions independent of the leadership, courts applying corporal and capital punishment.","note":"Included because non-state armed governance is a real and common form of political order that party-based datasets do not record at all.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −1: checkpoint taxation and extortion, collected even where it does not hold ground.","items":[{"t":"It taxes businesses in the capital that the recognised government also taxes.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the ceiling: a severe legal code applied to social life.","items":[{"t":"Amputations and stonings have been carried out publicly in areas under its control.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"At the ceiling: no elections and no institutions independent of the leadership.","items":[{"t":"Governance is by appointed governors and courts answerable to the emirate.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: rural territorial control across south-central Somalia.","items":[{"t":"It administers substantial rural districts continuously.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +9: clan and confessional exclusion enforced by violence.","items":[{"t":"Attacks have repeatedly targeted specific clan and religious communities.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"At the ceiling: mass violence as the constitutive method.","items":[{"t":"The October 2017 Mogadishu bombing killed around 600 people.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"cotedivoire","n":"Ivorian Politics","aka":"RHDP / PDCI","yr":"1990–","pl":"Côte d'Ivoire","region":"Africa","countries":[],"fam":"Big-Tent Clientelist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":5,"a":[5,6,5,4,6,1],"core":"A cocoa economy whose politics turned on a doctrine of national authenticity that excluded much of the northern population from candidacy.","econ":"The world's largest cocoa producer; infrastructure investment; sharp regional inequality.","org":"The ivoirité doctrine and disputed elections produced civil wars in 2002 and 2010; elections have continued since.","note":"A textbook case of a membership rule written to exclude a specific rival, and of what followed.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: the world's largest cocoa producer with heavy infrastructure investment.","items":[{"t":"Cocoa provides the majority of export earnings.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: religiously divided between a Muslim north and Christian south.","items":[{"t":"The religious and regional cleavage maps onto the political one closely.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +5: disputed elections producing two civil wars.","items":[{"t":"The 2010 election dispute produced a war and the arrest of the incumbent, later acquitted at the ICC.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a centralised state with appointed prefects.","items":[{"t":"Decentralisation has been limited despite repeated reform announcements.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: the ivoirité doctrine excluding northern-origin candidates.","items":[{"t":"A constitutional requirement that both parents be Ivorian-born barred the main opposition leader for years.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: elections punctuated by armed conflict.","items":[{"t":"Wars followed the disputed results of 2002 and 2010.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"torrijos","n":"Panamanian Populism","aka":"Torrijos and after","yr":"1968–","pl":"Panama","region":"Americas","countries":["Panama"],"fam":"Nationalist Populist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[2,5,6,5,4,1],"core":"A military populism that won the canal back by treaty, then degenerated into a narco-dictatorship removed by invasion.","econ":"Canal revenue, an offshore financial centre, a dollarised economy, agrarian reform in the 1970s.","org":"Military rule from 1968; the 1989 election was annulled by the regime and the country invaded weeks later.","note":"Democratic since 1990 with regular alternation. The canal treaty of 1977 remains the movement's defining achievement.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +2: canal revenue, an offshore financial centre and 1970s agrarian reform.","items":[{"t":"The 1977 treaties transferred the canal to Panama by 1999.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +5: populist and Catholic with a military social base.","items":[{"t":"Agrarian and labour codes were expanded under military rule.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +6: military rule from 1968; the 1989 election annulled by the regime.","items":[{"t":"The annulment was followed weeks later by a US invasion.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +5: a centralised state built around the canal zone.","items":[{"t":"The canal authority is a constitutionally autonomous national body.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +4: a nationalism defined against the canal zone's extraterritoriality.","items":[{"t":"The 1964 flag riots over the zone are the movement's founding grievance.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: power taken by coup, and democratic since 1990.","items":[{"t":"Regular alternation has occurred at every election since.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"dominican","n":"Dominican Party Politics","aka":"PLD / PRM","yr":"1978–","pl":"Dominican Republic","region":"Americas","countries":[],"fam":"Competitive Blocs","t":"party","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[5,6,3,4,6,-4],"core":"Alternating parties in a state that emerged from one of the hemisphere's longest dictatorships and shares an island with its poorest country.","econ":"Tourism, free trade zones, remittances, mining; sustained growth with high inequality.","org":"Competitive elections with alternation; a 2020 change of governing party after sixteen years.","note":"Constitutional amendments in 2010 and 2024 removed birthright citizenship from the children of undocumented Haitian migrants, retroactively statelessing tens of thousands.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: tourism, free zones and remittances with high inequality.","items":[{"t":"Sustained growth has coexisted with among the region's higher inequality measures.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: Catholic social conservatism with a total abortion ban.","items":[{"t":"Abortion is prohibited without exception, one of a handful of such jurisdictions.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +3: competitive elections with alternation in 2020.","items":[{"t":"Power changed hands after sixteen years of one party's rule.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +4: a centralised unitary state.","items":[{"t":"Provincial governors are appointed by the presidency.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"At the exclusionary end for the hemisphere: birthright citizenship removed retroactively.","items":[{"t":"A 2013 constitutional court ruling stripped citizenship from people born to undocumented parents back to 1929, statelessing tens of thousands.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: constitutional since the end of the Balaguer period.","items":[{"t":"Regular elections since 1978 with periodic disputes.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"png","n":"Papua New Guinea Politics","aka":"","yr":"1975–","pl":"Papua New Guinea","region":"Africa","countries":[],"fam":"Fluid Coalition","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":1,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,6,2,-2,3,-4],"core":"A democracy of over eight hundred languages in which parties are vehicles for individuals and governments are made and unmade by floor-crossing.","econ":"Gas, gold and copper extraction, subsistence agriculture, very low state penetration outside towns.","org":"Continuous elections since independence with no successful coup; prime ministers are routinely removed by no-confidence votes.","note":"Bougainville voted 98% for independence in a 2019 referendum agreed after a civil war. The result is being implemented slowly.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: extraction alongside overwhelmingly subsistence agriculture.","items":[{"t":"Around 80% of the population lives outside the cash economy.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +6: Christian and customary social order across over 800 language groups.","items":[{"t":"The constitution references Christian principles and customary law is formally recognised.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: continuous elections with governments unmade by floor-crossing.","items":[{"t":"No prime minister has served a full term without a confidence challenge.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −2: provinces with real autonomy and an autonomous region.","items":[{"t":"Bougainville voted 98% for independence in 2019 under an agreement following a civil war.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: a civic citizenship across extraordinary ethnic fragmentation.","items":[{"t":"Over 800 languages are spoken, the highest count of any state.","k":"data"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −4: no successful coup since independence in 1975.","items":[{"t":"A 1997 mutiny over mercenary contracts was resolved without a change of constitutional order.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"carnation","n":"Carnation Revolution","aka":"MFA","yr":"1974–1976","pl":"Portugal","region":"Europe","countries":["Portugal"],"fam":"Military Democratic","t":"movement","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[-6,-5,2,3,-4,5],"core":"A coup by junior officers that ended Europe's longest dictatorship, decolonised an empire and nearly produced a communist state before settling into democracy.","econ":"Banks, insurance and heavy industry nationalised in 1975; land occupations in the south; most reversed within a decade.","org":"A military council governing alongside elected assemblies, resolved by a counter-coup against the far left in November 1975.","note":"The only case in this dataset of an army overthrowing a dictatorship and then handing power to elected civilians within two years.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −6: banks, insurance and heavy industry nationalised in 1975.","items":[{"t":"Most nationalisations were reversed within a decade.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −5: censorship abolished and the secret police dissolved within days.","items":[{"t":"Divorce, abortion and family law reform followed over the next decade.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +2: a military council governing alongside elected assemblies.","items":[{"t":"A constituent assembly was elected in April 1975, a year after the coup.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +3: a unitary state that decolonised an empire in two years.","items":[{"t":"All African colonies became independent between 1974 and 1975.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: around half a million retornados absorbed as citizens.","items":[{"t":"The returning settler population arrived within months and was absorbed without a citizenship dispute.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +5: a coup that handed power to elected civilians within two years.","items":[{"t":"Four people were killed during the coup itself.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"greekjunta","n":"Greek Colonels","aka":"Regime of the Colonels","yr":"1967–1974","pl":"Greece","region":"Europe","countries":["Greece"],"fam":"Military Authoritarian","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":4,"a":[4,9,9,8,6,3],"core":"A seven-year military dictatorship justified by anti-communism, ended by its own catastrophic adventure in Cyprus.","econ":"Tourism and construction growth, foreign investment, tight monetary policy, no structural reform.","org":"Parliament dissolved, parties banned, torture documented by the Council of Europe, citizenship stripped from opponents.","note":"Fell in 1974 after provoking the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Its collapse produced one of the most durable democracies in southern Europe.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +4: tourism and construction growth with no structural reform.","items":[{"t":"Foreign investment was courted while the drachma was tightly managed.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"At the near-ceiling: a moral order imposed by decree.","items":[{"t":"Long hair, miniskirts, certain music and the works of named authors were prohibited.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +9: parliament dissolved, parties banned, torture documented internationally.","items":[{"t":"The Council of Europe found systematic torture in 1969 and Greece withdrew before expulsion.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: a centralised state with appointed prefects and purged universities.","items":[{"t":"Academic and judicial purges followed the 1967 coup immediately.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +6: citizenship stripped from exiled opponents.","items":[{"t":"Denationalisation was used against opponents abroad.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +3: power taken by coup and lost through its own foreign adventure.","items":[{"t":"The Cyprus coup of July 1974 provoked the Turkish invasion and the regime's collapse within days.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"spanish2nd","n":"Spanish Second Republic","aka":"","yr":"1931–1939","pl":"Spain","region":"Europe","countries":["Spain"],"fam":"Republican Democratic","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-4,-6,-3,-1,-4,1],"core":"A republic that granted women the vote, separated church and state, and legalised divorce, and was destroyed by a military rising against it.","econ":"Agrarian reform, labour arbitration boards, an eight-hour day in agriculture, all fiercely contested.","org":"Competitive elections in 1931, 1933 and 1936, in which power changed hands between left and right and back.","note":"Included because it is regularly described from its final year rather than its first five. Coded on the constitutional order, not on the civil war.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −4: agrarian reform and labour arbitration boards.","items":[{"t":"The 1932 agrarian law authorised expropriation of large estates with compensation.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −6: women enfranchised, church and state separated, divorce legalised.","items":[{"t":"Women voted in 1933, having been enfranchised by a chamber in which one of the three women deputies opposed it as premature.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: competitive elections in which power changed hands twice.","items":[{"t":"Elections in 1931, 1933 and 1936 produced governments of left, right and left.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −1: autonomy statutes granted to Catalonia and the Basque Country.","items":[{"t":"The Catalan statute was approved in 1932 and the Basque one in 1936.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −4: civic citizenship with religious disestablishment.","items":[{"t":"The 1931 constitution ended the confessional state.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded +1: constitutional, and destroyed by a military rising against it.","items":[{"t":"The July 1936 rising began a war that ended the republic in 1939.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"austromarx","n":"Austro-Marxism","aka":"Red Vienna","yr":"1918–1934","pl":"Austria","region":"Europe","countries":["Austria"],"fam":"Socialist","t":"movement","pw":2,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":3,"a":[-7,-7,-3,-3,-6,-1],"core":"A socialist current that governed a city rather than a state, and used it to build the most ambitious municipal programme in Europe.","econ":"Municipal housing for a fifth of Vienna's population, financed by a progressive housing tax; clinics, kindergartens, adult education.","org":"Democratic municipal government within a hostile republic; a paramilitary defence league that lost the four-day civil war of 1934.","note":"Its housing blocks are still occupied. The clearest demonstration in the dataset that the municipal scale can carry a full programme.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded −7: municipal housing for a fifth of the city funded by a progressive tax.","items":[{"t":"Around 65,000 apartments were built between 1923 and 1934 and are still occupied.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded −7: clinics, kindergartens, adult education and school reform.","items":[{"t":"The Glöckel school reforms abolished corporal punishment and rote learning.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded −3: democratic municipal government inside a hostile republic.","items":[{"t":"Vienna was constituted as a separate province in 1922, which made the programme possible.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded −3: the municipal scale carrying a full programme.","items":[{"t":"The housing tax was a municipal levy, sharply progressive on large dwellings.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded −6: universalist and secular in a Catholic society.","items":[{"t":"The movement organised across the city's Jewish and Catholic working class.","k":"schol"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −1: electoral, with a defence league that lost the four-day civil war of 1934.","items":[{"t":"The Karl-Marx-Hof was shelled by artillery in February 1934.","k":"rec"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]},{"id":"tanzimat","n":"Tanzimat Reforms","aka":"","yr":"1839–1876","pl":"Ottoman Empire","region":"Europe","countries":["Turkey"],"fam":"Reformist Monarchist","t":"regime","pw":3,"c":2,"cont":false,"era":1,"a":[5,4,7,8,3,-3],"core":"An imperial reform programme that declared the legal equality of Muslim and non-Muslim subjects a century before most European states extended comparable rights.","econ":"Free trade treaties, tax farming abolished on paper, foreign debt that ended in default in 1875.","org":"Codified law, secular courts, a short-lived constitution in 1876 suspended within two years.","note":"Coded low on exclusion for its period by design: the reforms' central act was to abolish the legal categories that had ranked subjects by faith.","ev":[{"ax":"EC","k":0,"r":"Coded +5: free trade treaties and a debt that ended in default.","items":[{"t":"The 1838 commercial convention opened the empire to British goods; default came in 1875.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CU","k":1,"r":"Coded +4: legal equality of subjects regardless of faith, declared by edict.","items":[{"t":"The 1856 reform edict abolished the legal categories ranking subjects by religion.","k":"prog"}]},{"ax":"AU","k":2,"r":"Coded +7: reform by imperial decree, with a constitution suspended after two years.","items":[{"t":"The 1876 constitution was suspended in 1878 and not restored until 1908.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"SC","k":3,"r":"Coded +8: centralisation against provincial notables and tax farmers.","items":[{"t":"Provincial administration was reorganised on the French departmental model in 1864.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"ID","k":4,"r":"Coded +3: the central act was to abolish the ranking of subjects by faith.","items":[{"t":"Non-Muslims became eligible for military service and state office.","k":"rec"}]},{"ax":"CH","k":5,"r":"Coded −3: reform from above, over four decades.","items":[{"t":"The programme was executed by the reform bureaucracy rather than by any movement.","k":"schol"}]}],"traj":null,"rev":[]}],"lineage":[{"from":"marxism","to":"spd1891","kind":"derives","why":"The Erfurt Programme of 1891 was drafted as an explicitly Marxist statement by Kautsky and Bernstein."},{"from":"spd1891","to":"bernstein","kind":"splits","why":"Bernstein's Evolutionary Socialism of 1899 opened the revisionist controversy inside the party."},{"from":"spd1891","to":"spd","kind":"becomes","why":"The same continuous organisation, refounded in 1945 and reprogrammed at Godesberg in 1959."},{"from":"bernstein","to":"nordicsd","kind":"derives","why":"Nordic social democracy adopted the revisionist position on method and on the market before any other governing party."},{"from":"marxism","to":"bolsheviks","kind":"derives","why":"The Bolsheviks took the programme and rejected the parliamentary strategy attached to it."},{"from":"marxism","to":"mensheviks","kind":"derives","why":"Both Russian factions accepted the same 1903 party programme."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"mensheviks","kind":"splits","why":"The 1903 congress split on party membership rules and never reunified."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"mensheviks","kind":"crushes","why":"The Mensheviks were banned in 1921 and their leaders exiled or imprisoned."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"stalinism","kind":"becomes","why":"The same party apparatus, with its founding generation largely executed by 1938."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"trotskyism","kind":"splits","why":"The Left Opposition was expelled in 1927 and its leader deported in 1929."},{"from":"stalinism","to":"brezhnev","kind":"becomes","why":"The same state and party, with mass terror abandoned after 1953."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"eurocomm","kind":"derives","why":"The western communist parties were founded as Comintern sections and broke with Moscow from 1968."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"cpim","kind":"derives","why":"Founded in the Comintern tradition and now the longest-serving elected communist party anywhere."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"cpv","kind":"derives","why":"Ho Chi Minh was a founding member of the French Communist Party and a Comintern agent."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"maoism","kind":"derives","why":"Founded with Comintern assistance in 1921 and doctrinally independent from the 1930s."},{"from":"maoism","to":"dengccp","kind":"becomes","why":"The same party, reversing the economic programme and keeping the political monopoly."},{"from":"dengccp","to":"xiccp","kind":"becomes","why":"Continuous, with term limits removed in 2018 and the economic direction partly reversed."},{"from":"maoism","to":"khmerrouge","kind":"derives","why":"Its leadership was trained in Paris and in Beijing and applied an accelerated version of the commune model."},{"from":"maoism","to":"sendero","kind":"derives","why":"Its founder styled the movement the fourth sword of Marxism after Marx, Lenin and Mao."},{"from":"maoism","to":"naxalite","kind":"derives","why":"Named for the 1967 Naxalbari uprising and organised on the Chinese model."},{"from":"maoism","to":"nepal_maoist","kind":"derives","why":"Fought a ten-year people's war on the Maoist model and then entered parliamentary politics."},{"from":"marxism","to":"derg","kind":"derives","why":"The military committee declared Marxism-Leninism in 1974 and allied with Moscow."},{"from":"marxism","to":"tplf","kind":"derives","why":"Founded as a Marxist-Leninist front and abandoned the doctrine after taking power."},{"from":"utopsoc","to":"marxism","kind":"derives","why":"Marx and Engels defined their position against Owen, Fourier and Saint-Simon by name."},{"from":"marxism","to":"guildsoc","kind":"derives","why":"An attempt to obtain socialist economics without the bureaucratic state the tradition implied."},{"from":"fabian","to":"uklab","kind":"derives","why":"The Fabian Society was one of the founding organisations of the party in 1900."},{"from":"uklab","to":"thirdway","kind":"becomes","why":"The same party after Clause IV was rewritten in 1995."},{"from":"marxism","to":"liberationtheo","kind":"derives","why":"Latin American theologians adopted a class analysis of poverty as structural rather than incidental."},{"from":"marxism","to":"farc","kind":"derives","why":"A peasant self-defence force that adopted a Marxist-Leninist programme in the 1960s."},{"from":"marxism","to":"newjewel","kind":"derives","why":"A Caribbean Marxist party that took power in 1979."},{"from":"marxism","to":"tudeh","kind":"derives","why":"Founded in 1941 as the Iranian section of the international communist movement."},{"from":"bolsheviks","to":"lprp","kind":"derives","why":"Founded from the Indochinese Communist Party alongside the Vietnamese party."},{"from":"marxism","to":"anarchocom","kind":"splits","why":"The First International split at The Hague in 1872 over whether to capture the state or abolish it."},{"from":"mutualism","to":"anarchocom","kind":"derives","why":"Kropotkin's communism was formulated against Proudhon's market of small producers."},{"from":"mutualism","to":"indanarch","kind":"derives","why":"Tucker translated Proudhon and built an individualist market anarchism on him."},{"from":"indanarch","to":"ancap","kind":"derives","why":"Rothbard took the individualist tradition and removed its labour theory of value."},{"from":"anarchocom","to":"anarchosynd","kind":"derives","why":"The union rather than the commune as both weapon and skeleton of the future society."},{"from":"anarchosynd","to":"cnt","kind":"becomes","why":"The Spanish confederation was the largest anarcho-syndicalist organisation ever built."},{"from":"anarchocom","to":"makhno","kind":"derives","why":"The Ukrainian insurgency organised on explicitly anarchist principles."},{"from":"anarchocom","to":"rojava","kind":"derives","why":"A Marxist-Leninist party adopted Murray Bookchin's writings and rebuilt itself around them."},{"from":"ancap","to":"minarch","kind":"splits","why":"Nozick's night-watchman state was formulated in explicit argument against anarcho-capitalism."},{"from":"classlib","to":"minarch","kind":"derives","why":"The night-watchman state is classical liberalism with the residual functions specified."},{"from":"objectivism","to":"ancap","kind":"crushes","why":"Rand attacked anarcho-capitalism directly, holding that force must be placed under objective law."},{"from":"whig","to":"classlib","kind":"becomes","why":"The Whig constitutional settlement developed into nineteenth-century liberalism."},{"from":"classlib","to":"ordolib","kind":"derives","why":"Freiburg reformulated liberalism as an order the state must construct rather than leave alone."},{"from":"ordolib","to":"cdu45","kind":"derives","why":"The social market economy was the school's programme carried into government."},{"from":"classlib","to":"neolib","kind":"derives","why":"Mont Pèlerin was convened in 1947 to rebuild the liberal position after its collapse."},{"from":"neolib","to":"thatcherism","kind":"derives","why":"The Institute of Economic Affairs and the Centre for Policy Studies were the transmission mechanism."},{"from":"neolib","to":"pinochet","kind":"derives","why":"The Chicago-trained economists wrote the programme the junta executed."},{"from":"neolib","to":"menemism","kind":"derives","why":"Convertibility and mass privatisation applied the same programme under a Peronist banner."},{"from":"socialliberal","to":"usdem","kind":"derives","why":"The postwar American liberal settlement is the Rawlsian position in governing form."},{"from":"classlib","to":"fdp","kind":"becomes","why":"The German liberal tradition, continuous through both republics."},{"from":"islmod","to":"ennahda","kind":"derives","why":"The reformist tradition that held Islam compatible with constitutional government."},{"from":"islmod","to":"ikhwan","kind":"derives","why":"Al-Banna drew on the reformist current and rejected its accommodation with the West."},{"from":"burke","to":"ukcon","kind":"derives","why":"The party's self-understanding has cited Reflections continuously since the 1830s."},{"from":"burke","to":"fusionism","kind":"derives","why":"American conservatism fused Burkean traditionalism with market liberalism after 1955."},{"from":"fusionism","to":"usgop","kind":"derives","why":"The movement captured the party's nominating process between 1964 and 1980."},{"from":"fusionism","to":"neocon","kind":"splits","why":"The neoconservatives entered from the anti-Stalinist left and broke with the movement over foreign policy."},{"from":"usgop","to":"maga","kind":"becomes","why":"The same party organisation, with a movement inside it that has changed its trade and institutional positions."},{"from":"socialcath","to":"cdu45","kind":"derives","why":"Rerum Novarum and Quadragesimo Anno are the doctrinal source of Christian democracy."},{"from":"socialcath","to":"distributism","kind":"derives","why":"Chesterton and Belloc built the widest-possible-distribution programme on the encyclicals."},{"from":"cdu45","to":"cdu","kind":"becomes","why":"Continuous since 1945."},{"from":"metternich","to":"action","kind":"derives","why":"The reactionary programme of restoring a pre-revolutionary order, transmitted through the nineteenth century."},{"from":"action","to":"falange","kind":"derives","why":"Maurras' integral nationalism was read across the Latin European right."},{"from":"action","to":"italfasc","kind":"derives","why":"Mussolini's syndicalist and nationalist synthesis drew on the French integral nationalists."},{"from":"italfasc","to":"nazism","kind":"derives","why":"The March on Rome was the explicit model for the Beer Hall Putsch a year later."},{"from":"italfasc","to":"falange","kind":"derives","why":"The Spanish party was founded in 1933 on the Italian model."},{"from":"italfasc","to":"fdi","kind":"becomes","why":"Organisational descent through the Italian Social Movement founded by regime veterans in 1946, and the flame in its symbol."},{"from":"nazism","to":"christnat","kind":"succeeds","why":"No organisational link; both are coded here and the distance between them is 14 points."},{"from":"gaullism","to":"lr","kind":"becomes","why":"The Gaullist party, renamed four times, positioned considerably to the economic right of de Gaulle."},{"from":"bismarck","to":"cdu45","kind":"succeeds","why":"Social insurance built to defeat the left became the settled European centre-right position."},{"from":"mazzini","to":"balticnat","kind":"derives","why":"The nineteenth-century doctrine that each nation should constitute itself as a free republic."},{"from":"mazzini","to":"sunyatsen","kind":"derives","why":"Sun's nationalism was formulated in exile in Japan and Europe on the Mazzinian model."},{"from":"sunyatsen","to":"kmt","kind":"becomes","why":"The party he founded, continuous through the republic, the civil war and the Taiwanese transition."},{"from":"sunyatsen","to":"maoism","kind":"derives","why":"The Chinese Communist Party was founded inside the united front with the Nationalists."},{"from":"gandhi","to":"inc","kind":"derives","why":"The Congress was reorganised as a mass movement under his leadership from 1920."},{"from":"inc","to":"nehru","kind":"becomes","why":"The independence party in government."},{"from":"nehru","to":"inc","kind":"becomes","why":"Continuous; the entry is coded to two different periods."},{"from":"ambedkar","to":"bsp","kind":"derives","why":"The party takes its doctrine directly from his writings and its name from his category."},{"from":"gandhi","to":"civilrights","kind":"derives","why":"King studied the satyagraha method directly and adapted it."},{"from":"civilrights","to":"blackpanther","kind":"splits","why":"The party was founded in 1966 on an explicit rejection of the non-violent strategy."},{"from":"negritude","to":"nkrumah","kind":"derives","why":"Pan-Africanism as cultural recovery and political unification."},{"from":"nkrumah","to":"au","kind":"derives","why":"The Organisation of African Unity was founded in 1963 with him among its architects."},{"from":"nkrumah","to":"ujamaa","kind":"derives","why":"African socialism as a recovery of communal practice rather than an import."},{"from":"negritude","to":"sankara","kind":"derives","why":"Anti-colonial self-reliance carried into government."},{"from":"labzion","to":"revzion","kind":"splits","why":"Jabotinsky broke with the Zionist executive in 1925 over gradualism and the Arab question."},{"from":"revzion","to":"likud","kind":"becomes","why":"Continuous through Herut, founded by the Irgun's commander in 1948."},{"from":"labzion","to":"yeshatid","kind":"succeeds","why":"The secular liberal centre that occupied the space Labour Zionism vacated."},{"from":"kemalism","to":"chp","kind":"becomes","why":"The founding party of the republic, now its main constitutionalist opposition."},{"from":"cup","to":"kemalism","kind":"succeeds","why":"Much of the officer corps and administrative cadre carried over from the Unionists to the republic."},{"from":"tanzimat","to":"cup","kind":"derives","why":"The constitutional movement grew out of the reform bureaucracy it was educated by."},{"from":"baath","to":"assad","kind":"becomes","why":"The party seized power in 1963 and was converted into a family regime after 1970."},{"from":"baath","to":"nasserism","kind":"succeeds","why":"Two rival Arab nationalisms that briefly merged their states and then separated."},{"from":"haiti","to":"bolivar","kind":"derives","why":"Pétion supplied arms and shelter on condition that the liberator abolish slavery."},{"from":"bolivar","to":"chavismo","kind":"derives","why":"The movement takes its name and its founding symbolism directly from him."},{"from":"peronism","to":"menemism","kind":"becomes","why":"The same party, at the opposite end of the economic axis."},{"from":"peronism","to":"kirchner","kind":"becomes","why":"The same party again, back at the original end."},{"from":"vargas","to":"brazilmil","kind":"succeeds","why":"The corporatist state's institutions were inherited and militarised."},{"from":"pri","to":"morena","kind":"succeeds","why":"Its founder left the hegemonic party in 1988 and built the movement that displaced it thirty years later."},{"from":"arbenz","to":"semilla","kind":"succeeds","why":"The reform tradition ended in 1954, and the party that reached office in 2024 claims it explicitly."},{"from":"ikhwan","to":"hamas","kind":"derives","why":"Founded in 1987 as the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood."},{"from":"ikhwan","to":"jamaat","kind":"derives","why":"Maududi and al-Banna developed the vanguard model in parallel and read each other."},{"from":"jamaat","to":"taliban","kind":"derives","why":"The Deobandi seminary network in Pakistan trained much of the movement's leadership."},{"from":"ikhwan","to":"isis","kind":"derives","why":"The jihadist current derives from Qutb's writings, produced inside the Brotherhood and repudiated by it."},{"from":"isis","to":"alshabaab","kind":"succeeds","why":"Separate organisations in the same current; Al-Shabaab pledged to al-Qaeda rather than to the caliphate."},{"from":"khomeinism","to":"hezbollah","kind":"derives","why":"Founded in 1982 with Revolutionary Guard assistance and allegiance to the supreme leader."},{"from":"khomeinism","to":"tudeh","kind":"crushes","why":"The party backed the revolution and was destroyed by it in 1983."},{"from":"nahdlatul","to":"pdip","kind":"succeeds","why":"Two rival readings of Indonesian pluralism, one confessional and one secular, both defending the same constitution."},{"from":"uspop","to":"usdem","kind":"succeeds","why":"The People's Party fused with the Democrats behind Bryan in 1896 and was absorbed."},{"from":"rn","to":"vlaamsbelang","kind":"derives","why":"The Front National was the organisational model for the European radical right that followed it."},{"from":"rn","to":"fpo","kind":"succeeds","why":"Parallel developments rather than descent; both predate the 2010s wave."},{"from":"fpo","to":"afd","kind":"succeeds","why":"The Austrian party is the longest-running template for the family."},{"from":"svp","to":"onenation","kind":"succeeds","why":"Independent developments arriving at the same coordinate from different party systems."},{"from":"leftpop","to":"sumar","kind":"derives","why":"Laclau and Mouffe's theory was read directly by the founders of Podemos."},{"from":"leftpop","to":"lfi","kind":"derives","why":"The same theoretical source, applied to French republican material."},{"from":"natcon","to":"orban","kind":"derives","why":"The national conservative statement was drafted by people who cite his government as the model."},{"from":"orban","to":"pis","kind":"succeeds","why":"Parallel projects that have publicly cited each other since 2015."},{"from":"neoreaction","to":"maga","kind":"succeeds","why":"No organisational link; a current of technologist opinion that has become adjacent to it."},{"from":"romrep","to":"usfed","kind":"derives","why":"The Federalist Papers were published under the pen name Publius and argue from the Roman precedent throughout."},{"from":"whig","to":"usfed","kind":"derives","why":"The colonial constitutional argument was made in the language of the 1688 settlement."},{"from":"usfed","to":"usdr","kind":"splits","why":"The first party system formed around the ratification argument itself."},{"from":"levellers","to":"chartism","kind":"derives","why":"The six points restate the Agreement of the People after two centuries."},{"from":"chartism","to":"uklab","kind":"derives","why":"Five of the six points became law before the party was founded, and its founders were their heirs."},{"from":"jacobins","to":"babeuf","kind":"derives","why":"The Conspiracy of Equals formed among Jacobins after Thermidor."},{"from":"babeuf","to":"bolsheviks","kind":"derives","why":"The insurrectionary vanguard seizing power on behalf of a class, a century before Lenin."},{"from":"girondins","to":"jacobins","kind":"crushes","why":"Twenty-one Girondin deputies were guillotined in October 1793."},{"from":"athdem","to":"romrep","kind":"succeeds","why":"Two different answers to the same question, and the source of the mixed-constitution argument."},{"from":"romrep","to":"confucian","kind":"succeeds","why":"Independent traditions of rule by cultivated office-holders, neither derived from the other."},{"from":"solidarity","to":"pis","kind":"derives","why":"Both major post-communist Polish traditions emerged from the same union movement."},{"from":"solidarity","to":"hkdemo","kind":"succeeds","why":"Independent movements demanding free unions and free elections against a party state."},{"from":"carnation","to":"spanish2nd","kind":"succeeds","why":"The Iberian republican tradition, interrupted for four decades in both countries."},{"from":"austromarx","to":"nordicsd","kind":"succeeds","why":"Two municipal and national socialisms that chose the ballot box, one of which survived."},{"from":"ehbildu","to":"sinnfein","kind":"succeeds","why":"Two movements that completed the same transition from armed struggle to constitutional politics."},{"from":"snp","to":"catalanindep","kind":"succeeds","why":"The same demand pursued through an agreed legal route and outside one."},{"from":"maidan","to":"servant","kind":"succeeds","why":"The uprising created the political space the party was founded to occupy five years later."}],"linkind":{"becomes":"became","splits":"split into","derives":"gave doctrine to","succeeds":"was succeeded by","crushes":"destroyed"},"linkindin":{"becomes":"is a continuation of","splits":"split from","derives":"takes its doctrine from","succeeds":"succeeded","crushes":"was destroyed by"},"claims":[{"q":"\"The Nazis were socialists — it is in the name.\"","pair":["nazism","stalinism"],"alt":["nazism","marxism"],"f":"The party called itself National Socialist and its 1920 programme demanded profit-sharing, nationalisation of trusts, land expropriation and the abolition of unearned income. In power it ran wage and price controls, directed investment, set production quotas and built vast state projects. Some historians, notably Götz Aly, argue the regime bought consent with redistribution funded by plunder.","a":"The 1920 programme was never implemented, and Hitler said so explicitly to industrialists. The regime transferred major state holdings — steel, banks, shipyards — into private hands, in what economic historians describe as the first large privatisation programme of the twentieth century. Independent unions were dissolved and their leaders imprisoned, the Communist and Social Democratic parties were banned within months, and their members filled the first camps. The wartime command economy resembles Britain's and America's command economies of the same years more than it resembles Soviet planning.","v":"On the economic axis the coordinate is +02, near the centre. Stalinism is −10. Where the two regimes genuinely converge is on organisation of power, centralisation and method, where both sit at or near the ceiling. The resemblance is real and it is not economic. The claim substitutes a party name for a measurement."},{"q":"\"The mainstream centre-left is communist.\"","pair":["usdem","bolsheviks"],"alt":["dsa","marxism"],"f":"Both traditions favour redistribution, public provision of health care and regulation of private enterprise, and both have historically used the language of collective action against concentrated wealth. Programmes such as single-payer health insurance would place a very large sector under public control.","a":"Communism is defined by abolishing private ownership of the means of production and, in every historical instance, by a single party holding a monopoly of legal political activity. No mainstream centre-left party proposes either. The gap opens widest on exactly the two axes that define the difference: ten points on organisation of power and sixteen on method.","v":"The measured distance is 20.0. That is a genuinely uncomfortable result, because the distance between the two US parties is 19.3 — almost the same figure. But the composition is entirely different. The two US parties diverge on culture and membership by eleven points each and on method by three. The Democratic Party and the Bolsheviks diverge on organisation of power by ten and on method by sixteen. Same magnitude, different content. The claim names a specific institutional arrangement — a single legal party plus the abolition of private ownership — and neither component is present in the programme being described. What the numbers do show is that American party polarisation on cultural questions is now extreme by any comparative standard, which is a real finding and a different one."},{"q":"\"The populist right of today is literally fascism.\"","pair":["maga","italfasc"],"alt":["rn","nazism"],"f":"Robert Paxton, who spent a career defining fascism and long resisted the comparison, changed position after January 2021. Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Jason Stanley and Timothy Snyder point to the leader cult, the myth of national decline and rebirth, the treatment of opponents as internal enemies, the tolerance of political violence, and the rejection of an election result. On the authority and exclusion axes the contemporary coordinates have moved measurably toward the historical ones.","a":"Dylan Riley, Samuel Moyn, Daniel Bessner and Peter Gordon argue the comparison misdescribes both. The interwar cases rested on a mass paramilitary party, the destruction of parliament and unions, corporatist economics and an explicit repudiation of elections as such. Today's populist right contests elections, governs through existing legislatures and courts, has no militia wing of consequence, and pursues tax and deregulation policy that would have been unintelligible to the historical movements.","v":"The measured distance to Italian Fascism is 10.1 of a possible 49, with exact agreement on culture and membership, close positions on economics and authority, and the divergence concentrated on centralisation and on method. That number should be read carefully: it is a restatement of how the contemporary case was coded, and how to code it is precisely what is in dispute. This entry carries a contested flag and the lowest confidence rating in the dataset for that reason. Two things can be said without taking a side. The convergence is not spread evenly across the map, and the axis on which the cases most clearly separate — method — is the axis both camps treat as decisive. The atlas records the coordinates and stops there; the conceptual question of what makes something fascist is not one any coordinate system can settle."},{"q":"\"Sweden is a socialist country.\"","pair":["nordicsd","brezhnev"],"alt":["nordicsd","usdem"],"f":"Sweden has among the highest tax burdens and largest public sectors in the world, universal health care, subsidised childcare, tuition-free universities, and unions covering a majority of workers. By any measure of collective provision it is at the far end of the developed world.","a":"Sweden has no wealth tax, no inheritance tax, private school choice funded by public vouchers, one of the most open trade regimes in the world, a partially privatised pension system, and a stock market capitalisation per head above the European average. Ownership is overwhelmingly private. High taxation of a market economy is not common ownership of it.","v":"The economic coordinate is −05: substantially collectivist, nowhere near the −10 of an actually socialised economy. The distance to Soviet bureaucratic socialism is 21.3, driven mostly by the organisation of power, where the two are fifteen points apart, and secondarily by culture. The word is doing two different jobs — describing tax levels and describing ownership — and the argument moves between them."},{"q":"\"China is communist\" / \"China is just capitalism with a flag.\"","pair":["xiccp","maoism"],"alt":["xiccp","pap"],"f":"For the first claim: a single Marxist-Leninist party holds an unchallenged monopoly on political power, appoints the leadership of major firms, and has written party committees into corporate governance. For the second: most output and nearly all new employment come from private firms competing on price, with foreign investment and stock markets.","a":"Both claims are half-measurements. On the economic axis China moved ten points toward the market between 1976 and 2012, then back by two under Xi. On the authority axis it has barely moved from the ceiling in seventy-five years.","v":"This is the cleanest available demonstration that the economic and authority axes are independent. A country can traverse most of the economic axis while remaining stationary on the authority axis. Any argument that treats \"communist\" as a single package will get China wrong in one direction or the other."},{"q":"\"The far left and the far right are the same thing.\"","pair":["anarchocom","nazism"],"alt":["stalinism","nazism"],"f":"The horseshoe argument observes that regimes at both ends have produced one-party rule, secret police, camps and mass killing, and that their supporters sometimes defect from one to the other. On the authority, centralisation and method axes, Stalinism and Nazism genuinely do converge.","a":"The convergence covers three axes of six: authority, centralisation and method, where Stalinism and Nazism are within a point of each other. On the other three they are twelve points apart on economics, seven on membership and six on culture. And the claim collapses entirely once the anarchist traditions are included: anarcho-communism and anarcho-capitalism sit nineteen points apart on economics while both reject the state outright — the exact opposite of a horseshoe.","v":"A defensible version of the claim exists and it is narrow: totalitarian method converges regardless of ideological content. The popular version, that left and right extremes are interchangeable, is contradicted by the data on four of six axes. The horseshoe is real on one axis and false as a summary."},{"q":"\"Nationalism is inherently right-wing.\"","pair":["mazzini","nazism"],"alt":["dpp","apartheid"],"f":"The most destructive nationalisms of the twentieth century were coded far right on culture and membership, and contemporary European nationalism is concentrated in parties that also oppose immigration and social liberalisation.","a":"Nationalism entered European politics as the enemy of dynastic empire, allied with republicanism and constitutionalism. Mazzini, the Irish, Polish and Greek independence movements, the anti-colonial movements of Asia and Africa, and Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party are all nationalist and all coded left of centre on culture. The variable that does the work is the membership rule, not the fact of national feeling.","v":"Nationalism is not a position on this map at all. It is a claim about the correct unit of political community, which can be attached to almost any set of coordinates. The organisations in this dataset that call themselves nationalist span thirteen points on economics and ten on membership — most of both axes."},{"q":"\"Neoliberalism is far-right.\"","pair":["neolib","nazism"],"alt":["neolib","thirdway"],"f":"Market liberalisation programmes have been imposed by authoritarian regimes, most notoriously in Chile, and have coincided with rising inequality and the weakening of organised labour. Critics argue that insulating economic policy from majority decision is anti-democratic in effect.","a":"On the economic axis it sits at +09, which is indeed the far right end of that axis. But the historical far right did not: fascist regimes sat near the economic centre, at +01 and +02, because corporatism subordinates the market to the nation. Neoliberalism is therefore seven points to the economic right of Nazism, not aligned with it, and 23.9 units away overall. Its leading exponents supported immigration, free movement and supranational institutions, which the actual far right defines itself against.","v":"True as a description of one axis, false as a description of the map, and false even about the economics of the movements it is being equated with. This is the mirror image of the \"Nazis were socialists\" error: a single-axis reading reported as a whole-map verdict. The word has also become almost purely pejorative and is almost never used as a self-description, which is a reliable sign that it has stopped functioning as a measurement."},{"q":"\"Milei is a fascist\" / \"libertarians are just the hard right.\"","pair":["lla","italfasc"],"alt":["minarch","nazism"],"f":"Milei governs substantially by decree with a legislative minority, uses aggressively confrontational language about opponents and the press, and is culturally conservative on abortion and gender policy. Libertarian parties frequently ally with conservative ones in practice.","a":"Fascism is corporatist and statist by construction: it subordinates the market to national purpose. Milei proposes to abolish the central bank, dollarise, and eliminate most of the state. On economics the two are nine points apart, and on centralisation nine points apart in the opposite direction from the one the claim implies. Minarchist libertarianism sits at the extreme anti-concentration end of the authority axis, which is the defining fascist axis inverted.","v":"The libertarian and fascist coordinates are close on nothing except, in some governing cases, the executive method. Treating \"right\" as one thing merges a doctrine that wants to abolish the state with one that wants to absorb society into it."},{"q":"\"Peronism is left-wing\" / \"Peronism is right-wing.\"","pair":["menemism","kirchner"],"alt":["peronism","lla"],"f":"Perón nationalised railways, utilities and the central bank, delivered the largest wage increases in Argentine history and built a state-linked union federation. He also sheltered war criminals, censored the press, packed the courts and modelled parts of his corporatist doctrine on Italian practice he admired as a military attaché.","a":"Both descriptions are accurate, which is the finding. The same banner has since produced Menemism, which privatised oil, telecoms, rail and pensions at +08 on economics, and Kirchnerism, which renationalised several of them at −06. Those two are fourteen points apart on economics and are the same movement.","v":"Peronism is not mislabelled; it is unlabellable on one axis. Its stable coordinates are on authority and method, not economics — which is what it means to call something a movement rather than a programme. Load Menemism against Kirchnerism in the comparison above and the point is unmistakable. Any spectrum that forces it to a single point is producing a number with no information in it."}],"presets":[{"t":"Why one line fails","s":"Market economics appears at both ends of the authority axis, and so does collective economics. Four populated corners, not a diagonal."},{"t":"A party that crossed the map","s":"Fidesz began in 1990 as a liberal anti-communist youth party and a member of the Liberal International. Four anchors, thirty-four years."},{"t":"Same method, opposite content","s":"Nazism and Stalinism sit within a point of each other on authority, centralisation and method, and twelve points apart on economics."},{"t":"Same content, opposite method","s":"Mensheviks and Bolsheviks differ by one point on economics and eight on method. One of them was destroyed by the other."},{"t":"The anarchist proof","s":"Two traditions at opposite economic extremes, both at the floor of the authority axis. A single left-to-right line cannot represent this at all."},{"t":"Free markets, no free politics","s":"Chile privatised pensions, health and schooling while congress was dissolved and opponents were disappeared. The two axes are independent."}],"revisions":[{"id":"socialcath","ax":"ID","from":3,"to":1,"why":"The Catholic social tradition addresses labour and the family universally and the church it speaks for is a conversion-open, explicitly supranational body. Its cultural traditionalism was being read as a membership rule that its own doctrine denies."},{"id":"burke","ax":"ID","from":4,"to":2,"why":"Burke defended Irish Catholic relief, prosecuted Hastings over the government of India, and argued for conciliation with the American colonists. Prescriptive attachment to an inherited constitution is not an ascriptive rule of membership."},{"id":"gaullism","ax":"ID","from":3,"to":1,"why":"Civic-republican membership with a state that conceded Algerian independence rather than defend a settler franchise. The traditionalist cultural score was carrying the membership score."},{"id":"ukcon","ax":"ID","from":5,"to":3,"why":"Restrictive on admission and civic on belonging. The party has selected leaders and chancellors of recent immigrant descent, which is not compatible with a descent-based membership rule."},{"id":"usgop","ax":"ID","from":5,"to":4,"why":"Reduced but not to the civic tier: proposals to end birthright citizenship are a claim about who can belong rather than about how many arrive, and hold the score above the parties around it."},{"id":"pp","ax":"ID","from":4,"to":2,"why":"Spanish conservatism has historically favoured expansive naturalisation for Latin American and Sephardic applicants. Civic membership with a restrictive recent posture on irregular arrival."},{"id":"lr","ax":"ID","from":5,"to":4,"why":"Laïcité applies a cultural criterion to public life and French citizenship remains acquirable and unconditional once held."},{"id":"cpv","ax":"ID","from":4,"to":3,"why":"A Kinh-majority national frame with recognised minorities and restricted religious association. Confessional restriction of practice is not exclusion from membership."},{"id":"ennahda","ax":"ID","from":5,"to":3,"why":"The party withdrew its own proposal to reference sharia in the constitution and governed in coalition with a secular party. Its confessional identity was not written into the membership rule."},{"id":"apc_pdp","ax":"ID","from":5,"to":3,"why":"The zoning convention balances regional and religious access to office rather than excluding anyone from membership. It was being scored as exclusion when it functions as distribution."},{"id":"reformuk","ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"Net-zero migration and ECHR withdrawal are claims about admission. The score sits at the top of the civic tier rather than in the confessional one."},{"id":"sahel","ax":"ID","from":6,"to":4,"why":"Sovereigntist against France and regional bodies rather than exclusionary internally. The anti-colonial frame is territorial, not ancestral."},{"id":"bolsonarismo","ax":"ID","from":7,"to":4,"why":"Brazilian membership is civic and jus soli, and was not challenged. The exclusion the movement practised was of political opponents and of indigenous land claims, which the culture and authority axes already record."},{"id":"sisi","ax":"ID","from":6,"to":4,"why":"The regime's exclusions are political rather than ascriptive, and Coptic Christians received formal state protection during the period. Repression is recorded on the authority axis, where it belongs."},{"id":"smer","ax":"ID","from":6,"to":4,"why":"Slovak national identity within a civic citizenship regime. Opposition to relocation quotas is an admission policy."},{"id":"christnat","ax":"ID","from":9,"to":7,"why":"Reduced to the confessional tier. The claim is that the nation is constitutively Christian, which is a criterion that can in principle be acquired, unlike descent."},{"id":"neoreaction","ax":"ID","from":6,"to":4,"why":"The doctrine's own logic is contractual and exit-based, with membership as shareholding. It contains hereditarian strands, which is why this is not lower, but its formal membership rule is the opposite of ascriptive."},{"id":"pvv","ax":"ID","from":9,"to":7,"why":"Confessional in target rather than ancestral: Dutch citizenship itself is not contested by the programme. The highest score in the dataset was not supportable."},{"id":"vox","ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"Anti-immigration and simultaneously committed to Hispanidad, which is an expansive rather than a closed criterion."},{"id":"chega","ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"Portuguese citizenship is civic and lusophone naturalisation is comparatively open. The programme contests admission and welfare conditionality, not belonging."},{"id":"falange","ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"The Hispanidad doctrine was expansive and assimilationist rather than racially closed. The Franco state's exclusions were political and confessional."},{"id":"ikhwan","ax":"ID","from":8,"to":6,"why":"Confessional tier. The movement's criterion is adherence, which is acquirable, and it has organised across national and ethnic lines throughout."},{"id":"jamaat","ax":"ID","from":8,"to":7,"why":"Confessional and, in the Pakistani case, tied to blasphemy statute that penalises the excluded. Reduced from the ancestral tier but held near the top of the confessional one."},{"id":"rn","ax":"ID","from":8,"to":7,"why":"National preference applies to citizens including naturalised ones, which is a welfare rule rather than a membership rule. Held high because the programme also proposes restricting jus soli and stripping dual nationality."},{"id":"pis","ax":"ID","from":6,"to":5,"why":"Polish membership is civic with a descent-based diaspora card. The score reflects the card and the refusal of relocation, not a closure of citizenship."},{"id":"romrep","ax":"ID","from":7,"to":5,"why":"Roman citizenship proved extensible under pressure, to the Italian allies after the Social War and eventually to all free inhabitants. Restrictive in the Republic, not closed in principle."},{"id":"meiji","ax":"ID","from":8,"to":9,"why":"Raised. Colonial subjects in Korea and Taiwan were made imperial subjects without equal political rights, and the household register system fixed status by descent. The original score understated a genuinely ascriptive rule."},{"id":"awami","ax":"ID","from":4,"to":5,"why":"Raised. Bengali linguistic nationalism was constitutive of the state, and the Bihari and Rohingya populations remain excluded from full membership decades later."},{"id":"technocracy","ax":"AU","from":3,"to":1,"why":"Delegation to non-majoritarian institutions constrains majorities; it does not concentrate power in a centre that cannot be checked. The authority axis measures checkability, and treaty-bound bodies are checkable by courts and by exit. Reduced to separate insulation from concentration more sharply."},{"id":"thatcherism","ax":"SC","from":4,"to":5,"why":"Raised. Abolishing the metropolitan authorities and capping local rates moved decision-making to Westminster more decisively than the original score recorded, and the entry exists partly to demonstrate that economic decentralisation and administrative centralisation are different axes."}],"quiz":[{"k":0,"s":-1,"q":"Essential industries such as water, rail and energy should be publicly owned rather than run for profit."},{"k":0,"s":1,"q":"On balance, competition between private firms allocates resources better than any planning authority can."},{"k":0,"s":-1,"q":"Large concentrations of inherited wealth should be broken up by taxation."},{"k":0,"s":1,"q":"Most regulation of business does more damage than the problems it was written to solve."},{"k":1,"s":1,"q":"Inherited customs and institutions usually encode wisdom that current opinion cannot see."},{"k":1,"s":-1,"q":"The law should recognise family and personal arrangements as people actually choose to live them."},{"k":1,"s":1,"q":"A shared national culture is something a country has a right to protect and transmit."},{"k":1,"s":-1,"q":"Religion should have no bearing whatsoever on public law."},{"k":2,"s":-1,"q":"Courts should be able to strike down a law even when a large majority supports it."},{"k":2,"s":1,"q":"When a government has a clear mandate, procedural obstacles to enacting it are mostly obstruction."},{"k":2,"s":-1,"q":"A free press that is hostile to the government is a sign of a healthy state, not a weak one."},{"k":2,"s":1,"q":"In a real emergency, a leader should be able to act without waiting for legislative approval."},{"k":3,"s":-1,"q":"Decisions should be taken as close as possible to the people they affect, even at the cost of consistency."},{"k":3,"s":1,"q":"Uniform national standards matter more than letting regions go their own way."},{"k":3,"s":1,"q":"Some problems can only be handled by binding agreements above the level of the nation state."},{"k":3,"s":-1,"q":"Local communities should be able to refuse what the national government decides for them."},{"k":4,"s":1,"q":"A country is entitled to prefer people who share its language, history and faith."},{"k":4,"s":-1,"q":"Anyone who lives in a country and obeys its laws should have the same political rights as anyone born there."},{"k":4,"s":1,"q":"Immigration at current levels changes a society faster than it can absorb."},{"k":4,"s":-1,"q":"Obligations to people in other countries are as morally weighty as obligations to fellow citizens."},{"k":5,"s":-1,"q":"Lasting political change comes from patient reform, not from decisive breaks."},{"k":5,"s":1,"q":"The present system is beyond repair and has to be replaced rather than adjusted."},{"k":5,"s":-1,"q":"Political violence is never justified in a country where elections are held."},{"k":5,"s":1,"q":"Sometimes rules have to be broken to achieve something the rules were preventing."}]}